Ocean Acidification: Finding New Answers Through National Science Foundation Research Grants

 A shell placed in seawater with increased acidity slowly dissolves over 45 days.
Credit: NOAA PMEL

From carbon emissions to the oceans: Land and sea interact in ocean acidification.
Credit: NOAA PMEL 

 NSF ocean acidification grantees are researching U.S. West Coast intertidal zonation.
Credit: Carol Blanchette

NSF awardees are studying ocean acidification and sea ice cover in the western Arctic Ocean.Credit: Jonathan Wynn 

Earth's oceans may be acidifying faster today than in the past 300 million years.
Credit: NOAA

 Coral reefs in the tropics and beyond are threatened by ocean acidification.
Credit: NOAA

With increasing levels of carbon dioxide accumulating in the atmosphere and moving into marine systems, the world's oceans are becoming more acidic.

The oceans may be acidifying faster today than at anytime in the past 300 million years, scientists have found.

To address the concern for acidifying marine ecosystems, the National Science Foundation (NSF) recently awarded new grants totaling $12 million in its Ocean Acidification program. 

The program is part of NSF's Science, Engineering and Education for Sustainability (SEES) investment.

The awards, the second round in this program, are supported by NSF's Directorates for Geosciences and Biological Sciences, and Office of Polar Programs.

From tropical oceans to icy seas, the projects will foster research on the nature, extent and effects of ocean acidification on marine environments and organisms in the past, present and future.

"With this round of awards, NSF has an increasingly diverse portfolio of research projects on ocean acidification," says David Garrison, program director in NSF's Directorate for Geosciences and chair of NSF's Ocean Acidification Working Group.

"These scientists will make major contributions to understanding this serious environmental threat," says Garrison.

"We look forward to building on this effort over the next few years, and expect that ocean acidification research will be a major contribution to SEES efforts at NSF."

Ocean acidification affects marine ecosystems, organisms' life histories, ocean food webs and biogeochemical cycling, scientists have discovered.

The researchers believe there is a need to understand the chemistry of ocean acidification and its interplay with marine biochemical and physiological processes before Earth's seas become inhospitable to life as it is known today.

Animal species from pteropods--delicate, butterfly-like planktonic drifters--to hard corals are affected by ocean acidification. So, too, are the unseen microbes that fuel ocean productivity and influence the chemical functioning of ocean waters.

As the oceans become more acidic, the balance of molecules needed for shell-bearing organisms to manufacture shells and skeletons is altered.

The physiology of many marine species, from microbes to fish, may be affected.  A myriad of chemical reactions and cycles are influenced by the pH, or acidity, of the oceans.

"The Ocean Acidification awards address how organisms detect carbon dioxide and levels of acidity, and regulate these variables in their cells and body fluids," says William Zamer, program director in NSF's Directorate for Biological Sciences.

"These projects include studies of whether populations of animals have the genetic capacity to adapt to ocean acidification. The findings will yield new insights about how a future more acidic ocean will affect marine life."

Has ocean life faced similar challenges in our planet's past?

Earth system history informs our understanding of the effects of ocean acidification in the present and the future, says Garrison. 

For a true comprehension of how acidification will change the oceans, he says, we must integrate paleoecology with marine chemistry, physics, ecology and an understanding of the past environmental conditions on Earth.

Overall, Ocean Acidification grantees will ask questions such as will regional differences in marine chemistry and physics increase acidification? Are there complex interactions, cascades and bottlenecks that will emerge as the oceans acidify, and what are their ecosystem implications? And if current trends continue, how far-reaching will the changes be?

NSF 2012 Ocean Acidification awardees, their institutions and projects are:

Jess Adkins, California Institute of Technology: Ocean acidification: Collaborative research: Measuring the kinetics of CaCO₃ dissolution in seawater using novel isotope labeling, laboratory experiments, and in situ experiments

William Balch, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences: Ocean acidification: Effects of ocean acidification on Emiliania huxleyi and Calanus finmarchicus; Insights into the oceanic alkalinity and biological carbon pumps

Joan Bernhard, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: Ocean acidification, hypoxia and warming: Experimental investigations into compounded effects of global change on benthic foraminifera

Robert Byrne, College of Marine Science, University of South Florida: Ocean acidification: Collaborative research: Investigation of seawater CO₂ system thermodynamics under high pCO₂ conditions

Anne Cohen, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: Toward predicting the impact of ocean acidification on net calcification by a broad range of coral reef ecosystems: Identifying patterns and underlying causes

Erik Cordes, Temple University: Ocean acidification: Physiological and genetic responses of the deep-water coral, Lophelia pertusa, to ongoing ocean acidification in the Gulf of Mexico

Robyn Hannigan, University of Massachusetts Boston: Ocean acidification: Effects on morphology and mineralogy in otoliths of larval reef fish

Donal Manahan, University of Southern California: Ocean acidification: Predicting "winners and losers" to ocean acidification--a physiological genomic study of genetically-determined variance during larval development

Figen Mekik, Grand Valley State University: Carbonate preservation in pelagic sediments: Developing a new aragonite preservation proxy

Bruce Menge, Oregon State University: Ocean acidification: Collaborative research: OMEGAS II - Linking ecological and organismal responses to the ocean acidification seascape in the California Current System

T. Aran Mooney, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: Ocean acidification: Examining impacts on squid paralarval development, behavior, and survival

M. Brady Olson, WWU Shannon Point Marine Lab: Collaborative research: Ocean acidification: Impacts on copepod populations mediated by changes in prey quality

Mak Saito, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: Ocean acidification: The influence of ocean acidification and rising temperature on phytoplankton proteome composition

Martin Tresguerres, UCSD Scripps Inst of Oceanography: Ocean acidification: Physiological mechanisms for CO₂-sensing and related intracellular signaling pathways in corals

Jonathan Wynn, University of South Florida: Ocean acidification in the Canada Basin: Roles of sea ice

James Zachos, University of California-Santa Cruz: Ocean acidification: Collaborative research: Establishing the magnitude of sea-surface acidification during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum

-NSF-

Media Contacts Cheryl Dybas, NSF (703) 292-7734 cdybas@nsf.gov

Related WebsitesNSF News Release: NSF Awards First Grants to Study Effects of Ocean Acidification: http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=117823&org=NSF&from=news
NSF Discovery Article: Trouble in Paradise: Ocean Acidification This Way Comes: http://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=122642&org=NSF
NSF News Release: Oceans Acidifying Faster Today Than in Past 300 Million Years: http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=123324
NSF SEES Discovery Articles Publication: http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2012/disco12001/disco12001.pdf
NSF Science, Engineering and Education for Sustainability (SEES) Investment: http://www.nsf.gov/sees

With increasing levels of carbon dioxide accumulating in the atmosphere and moving into marine systems, the world's oceans are becoming more acidic.
The oceans may be acidifying faster today than at anytime in the past 300 million years, scientists have found.
To address the concern for acidifying marine ecosystems, the National Science Foundation (NSF) recently awarded new grants totaling $12 million in its Ocean Acidification program. 
The program is part of NSF's Science, Engineering and Education for Sustainability (SEES) investment.
The awards, the second round in this program, are supported by NSF's Directorates for Geosciences and Biological Sciences, and Office of Polar Programs.
From tropical oceans to icy seas, the projects will foster research on the nature, extent and effects of ocean acidification on marine environments and organisms in the past, present and future.
"With this round of awards, NSF has an increasingly diverse portfolio of research projects on ocean acidification," says David Garrison, program director in NSF's Directorate for Geosciences and chair of NSF's Ocean Acidification Working Group.
"These scientists will make major contributions to understanding this serious environmental threat," says Garrison.
"We look forward to building on this effort over the next few years, and expect that ocean acidification research will be a major contribution to SEES efforts at NSF."
Ocean acidification affects marine ecosystems, organisms' life histories, ocean food webs and biogeochemical cycling, scientists have discovered.
The researchers believe there is a need to understand the chemistry of ocean acidification and its interplay with marine biochemical and physiological processes before Earth's seas become inhospitable to life as it is known today.
Animal species from pteropods--delicate, butterfly-like planktonic drifters--to hard corals are affected by ocean acidification. So, too, are the unseen microbes that fuel ocean productivity and influence the chemical functioning of ocean waters.
As the oceans become more acidic, the balance of molecules needed for shell-bearing organisms to manufacture shells and skeletons is altered.
The physiology of many marine species, from microbes to fish, may be affected.  A myriad of chemical reactions and cycles are influenced by the pH, or acidity, of the oceans.
"The Ocean Acidification awards address how organisms detect carbon dioxide and levels of acidity, and regulate these variables in their cells and body fluids," says William Zamer, program director in NSF's Directorate for Biological Sciences.
"These projects include studies of whether populations of animals have the genetic capacity to adapt to ocean acidification. The findings will yield new insights about how a future more acidic ocean will affect marine life."
Has ocean life faced similar challenges in our planet's past?
Earth system history informs our understanding of the effects of ocean acidification in the present and the future, says Garrison. 
For a true comprehension of how acidification will change the oceans, he says, we must integrate paleoecology with marine chemistry, physics, ecology and an understanding of the past environmental conditions on Earth.
Overall, Ocean Acidification grantees will ask questions such as will regional differences in marine chemistry and physics increase acidification? Are there complex interactions, cascades and bottlenecks that will emerge as the oceans acidify, and what are their ecosystem implications? And if current trends continue, how far-reaching will the changes be?
NSF 2012 Ocean Acidification awardees, their institutions and projects are:
Jess Adkins, California Institute of Technology: Ocean acidification: Collaborative research: Measuring the kinetics of CaCO₃ dissolution in seawater using novel isotope labeling, laboratory experiments, and in situ experiments
William Balch, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences: Ocean acidification: Effects of ocean acidification on Emiliania huxleyi and Calanus finmarchicus; Insights into the oceanic alkalinity and biological carbon pumps
Joan Bernhard, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: Ocean acidification, hypoxia and warming: Experimental investigations into compounded effects of global change on benthic foraminifera
Robert Byrne, College of Marine Science, University of South Florida: Ocean acidification: Collaborative research: Investigation of seawater CO₂ system thermodynamics under high pCO₂ conditions
Anne Cohen, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: Toward predicting the impact of ocean acidification on net calcification by a broad range of coral reef ecosystems: Identifying patterns and underlying causes
Erik Cordes, Temple University: Ocean acidification: Physiological and genetic responses of the deep-water coral, Lophelia pertusa, to ongoing ocean acidification in the Gulf of Mexico
Robyn Hannigan, University of Massachusetts Boston: Ocean acidification: Effects on morphology and mineralogy in otoliths of larval reef fish
Donal Manahan, University of Southern California: Ocean acidification: Predicting "winners and losers" to ocean acidification--a physiological genomic study of genetically-determined variance during larval development
Figen Mekik, Grand Valley State University: Carbonate preservation in pelagic sediments: Developing a new aragonite preservation proxy
Bruce Menge, Oregon State University: Ocean acidification: Collaborative research: OMEGAS II - Linking ecological and organismal responses to the ocean acidification seascape in the California Current System
T. Aran Mooney, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: Ocean acidification: Examining impacts on squid paralarval development, behavior, and survival
M. Brady Olson, WWU Shannon Point Marine Lab: Collaborative research: Ocean acidification: Impacts on copepod populations mediated by changes in prey quality
Mak Saito, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: Ocean acidification: The influence of ocean acidification and rising temperature on phytoplankton proteome composition
Martin Tresguerres, UCSD Scripps Inst of Oceanography: Ocean acidification: Physiological mechanisms for CO₂-sensing and related intracellular signaling pathways in corals
Jonathan Wynn, University of South Florida: Ocean acidification in the Canada Basin: Roles of sea ice
James Zachos, University of California-Santa Cruz: Ocean acidification: Collaborative research: Establishing the magnitude of sea-surface acidification during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum

-NSF-

Media Contacts Cheryl Dybas, NSF (703) 292-7734 cdybas@nsf.gov

Related WebsitesNSF News Release: NSF Awards First Grants to Study Effects of Ocean Acidification: http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=117823&org=NSF&from=news
NSF Discovery Article: Trouble in Paradise: Ocean Acidification This Way Comes: http://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=122642&org=NSF
NSF News Release: Oceans Acidifying Faster Today Than in Past 300 Million Years: http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=123324
NSF SEES Discovery Articles Publication: http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2012/disco12001/disco12001.pdf
NSF Science, Engineering and Education for Sustainability (SEES) Investment: http://www.nsf.gov/sees

The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent federal agency that supports fundamental research and education across all fields of science and engineering. In fiscal year (FY) 2012, its budget is $7.0 billion. NSF funds reach all 50 states through grants to nearly 2,000 colleges, universities and other institutions. Each year, NSF receives over 50,000 competitive requests for funding, and makes about 11,000 new funding awards. NSF also awards nearly $420 million in professional and service contracts yearly.
 Get News Updates by Email 
Useful NSF Web Sites:
NSF Home Page: http://www.nsf.gov
NSF News: http://www.nsf.gov/news/
For the News Media: http://www.nsf.gov/news/newsroom.jsp
Science and Engineering Statistics: http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/
Awards Searches: http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/

The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent federal agency that supports fundamental research and education across all fields of science and engineering. In fiscal year (FY) 2012, its budget is $7.0 billion. NSF funds reach all 50 states through grants to nearly 2,000 colleges, universities and other institutions. Each year, NSF receives over 50,000 competitive requests for funding, and makes about 11,000 new funding awards. NSF also awards nearly $420 million in professional and service contracts yearly.

 Get News Updates by Email 

Useful NSF Web Sites:
NSF Home Page: http://www.nsf.gov
NSF News: http://www.nsf.gov/news/
For the News Media: http://www.nsf.gov/news/newsroom.jsp
Science and Engineering Statistics: http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/
Awards Searches: http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/

The National Science Foundation (NSF).
Guillermo Gonzalo Sánchez Achutegui
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