Astronomers have studied two star clusters (NGC
2024 and Orion) to gain insight on how clusters of stars like our Sun form. They
found the stars on the outskirts of these clusters are older than those in the
center, which is different from what the simplest idea of star formation
predicts.
Using
data from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and infrared telescopes, astronomers
have made an important advance in the understanding of how clusters of stars
come into being.
The data show early notions of how star clusters are formed cannot be
correct. The simplest idea is stars form into clusters when a giant cloud of gas
and dust condenses. The center of the cloud pulls in material from its
surroundings until it becomes dense enough to trigger star formation. This
process occurs in the center of the cloud first, implying that the stars in the
middle of the cluster form first and, therefore, are the oldest.
However, the latest data from Chandra suggest something else is happening.
Researchers studied two clusters where sun-like stars currently are forming –
NGC 2024, located in the center of the Flame Nebula, and the Orion Nebula
Cluster. From this study, they discovered the stars on the outskirts of the
clusters actually are the oldest.
"Our findings are counterintuitive," said Konstantin Getman of Penn State
University, who led the study. "It means we need to think harder and come up
with more ideas of how stars like our sun are formed."
Getman and his colleagues developed a new two-step approach that led to this
discovery. First, they used Chandra data on the brightness of the stars in
X-rays to determine their masses. Then they determined how bright these stars
were in infrared light using ground-based telescopes and data from NASA's
Spitzer Space Telescope. By combining this information with theoretical models,
the ages of the stars throughout the two clusters were estimated.
The results were contrary to what the basic model predicted. At the center of
NGC 2024, the stars were about 200,000 years old, while those on the outskirts
were about 1.5 million years in age. In the Orion Nebula, star ages ranged from
1.2 million years in the middle of the cluster to almost 2 million years near
the edges.
"A key conclusion from our study is we can reject the basic model where
clusters form from the inside out," said co-author Eric Feigelson, also of Penn
State. "So we need to consider more complex models that are now emerging from
star formation studies."
Explanations for the new findings can be grouped into three broad notions.
The first is star formation continues to occur in the inner regions because the
gas in the inner regions of a star-forming cloud is denser -- contains more
material from which to build stars -- than the more diffuse outer regions. Over
time, if the density falls below a threshold where it can no longer collapse to
form stars, star formation will cease in the outer regions, whereas stars will
continue to form in the inner regions, leading to a concentration of younger
stars there.
Another idea is old stars have had more time to drift away from the center of
the cluster, or be kicked outward by interactions with other stars. One final
notion is the observations could be explained if young stars are formed in
massive filaments of gas that fall toward the center of the cluster.
Previous studies of the Orion Nebula Cluster revealed hints of this reversed
age spread, but these earlier efforts were based on limited or biased star
samples. This latest research provides the first evidence of such age
differences in the Flame Nebula.
"The next steps will be to see if we find this same age range in other young
clusters," said Penn State graduate student Michael Kuhn, who also worked on the
study.
These results will be published in two separate papers in The Astrophysical
Journal and are available online. They are part of the MYStIX (Massive Young
Star-Forming Complex Study in Infrared and X-ray) project led by Penn State
astronomers.
NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala., manages the Chandra
program for NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington. The Smithsonian
Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge, Mass., controls Chandra's science and
flight operations.
For an additional interactive image, podcast, and video on the finding,
visit:
For Chandra images, multimedia and related materials, visit:
NASA
Guillermo Gonzalo Sánchez Achutegui
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