Vídeo: Los mejores momentos de la llegada del hombre a la Luna en 1969
La misión Apolo 11 de la NASA marcó un hito histórico en la exploración espacial. En este vídeo recordamos los momentos más icónicos y destacados
Todavía existen escépticos que creen que todo fue un montaje, que era imposible que el hombre pisara la Luna, que todos los vídeos que mostró la NASA fueron grabados en un plató y que incluso el mismísimo Stanley Kubrick fue el encargado de dirigir las grabaciones. Disparates sin ningún fundamento que han sido refutados y explicados en múltiples ocasiones, tanto por la propia agencia espacial estadounidense como por científicos independientes de todo el mundo. Ni siquiera merece la pena discutir sobre si el Hombre llegó a la Luna o no.
El comandante Neil Armstrong se convirtió en el primer ser humano que pisó la superficie lunar, el 21 de julio de 1969 a las 2:56 (hora internacional UTC). Y desde entonces pocos más han tenido este privilegio. Exactamente 12 personas han sido las que han podido plantar su huella sobre la Luna y ser los humanos que más lejos han estado del planeta que les vio nacer. Sus nombres: Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin, Charles Conrad, Alan L. Bean, Alan Shepard, Edgar Mitchel, David Scott, James B. Irwin, John W. Young, Charles M. Duke, Eugene A. Cernan y Harrison H. Schmitt.
En este vídeo de la NASA te mostramos los momentos más importantes de la misión, desde el despegue hasta la famosa frase de Neil Armstrong cuando tocó la superficie lunar: "un pequeño paso para un hombre, un gran paso para la humanidad".
Los mejores momentos de la llegada del hombre a la Luna
Image Credit: NASA
NASA marks the 45th anniversary of the first moon landing this month while it
takes the steps needed for America's next giant leap to send astronauts to
Mars.
La NASA marca el 45 aniversario del primer aterrizaje lunar de este mes, mientras toma los pasos necesarios para que el próximo salto gigante de Estados Unidos envíe astronautas a Marte.
La NASA marca el 45 aniversario del primer aterrizaje lunar de este mes, mientras toma los pasos necesarios para que el próximo salto gigante de Estados Unidos envíe astronautas a Marte.
Apollo 11 Official Crew Portrait
Official crew photo of the Apollo 11 Prime Crew. From left to right are
astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Commander; Michael Collins, Command Module Pilot;
and Edwin E. Aldrin Jr., Lunar Module Pilot.
Image Credit: NASA
Retrato oficial de la tripulación del Apollo 11
Foto oficial de la tripulación del Apollo 11 Prime Crew. De izquierda a derecha, los astronautas Neil A. Armstrong, comandante; Michael Collins, piloto del módulo de comando; y Edwin E. Aldrin Jr., piloto del módulo lunar
Foto oficial de la tripulación del Apollo 11 Prime Crew. De izquierda a derecha, los astronautas Neil A. Armstrong, comandante; Michael Collins, piloto del módulo de comando; y Edwin E. Aldrin Jr., piloto del módulo lunar
Image Credit:
NASA
NASA's
Apollo 11 crew landed on the moon July 20, 1969. The world watched 45 years ago
as astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin set their lunar module Eagle down
in the Sea of Tranquility, while crewmate Michael Collins orbited above in the
command module Columbia.
The agency will commemorate Armstrong's "one giant leap for mankind" through
a number of events across, and above, the United States during the next two
weeks, as well as on the agency's website and NASA Television.
On Friday, July 18 at 1:30 p.m. EDT, NASA TV will air a discussion about the
future of space exploration between scientists and actor, director, and narrator
Morgan Freeman, live from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena,
California. The event also will include NASA astronaut Reid Wiseman
participating from the International Space Station.
Also on Friday at 3:30 p.m., NASA will host a discussion with Buzz Aldrin and
astronaut Mike Massimino at the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum in New York
during the Intrepid Space and Science Festival. NASA also will have exhibits and
activities at the festival Thursday, July 17 - Saturday, July 19. For more
information about the festival, visit
On Sunday, July 20 at 10:39 p.m., when Armstrong opened the spacecraft hatch
to begin the first spacewalk on the moon, NASA TV will replay the restored
footage of Armstrong and Aldrin's historic steps on the lunar surface.
On Monday, July 21 at 10 a.m. from the agency's Kennedy Space Center in
Florida, NASA TV will air live coverage of the renaming of the center's
Operations and Checkout Building in honor of Armstrong, who passed away in 2012.
The renaming ceremony will include NASA Administrator Charles Bolden, Kennedy
Center Director Robert Cabana, Apollo 11’s Collins, Aldrin and astronaut Jim
Lovell, who was the mission’s back-up commander. International Space Station
NASA astronauts Wiseman and Steve Swanson, who is the current station commander,
also will take part in the ceremony from their orbiting laboratory 260 miles
above Earth.
Kennedy's Operations and Checkout Building has played a vital role in NASA’s
spaceflight history. It was used during the Apollo program to process and test
the command, service and lunar modules. Today, the facility is being used to
process and assemble NASA’s Orion spacecraft, which the agency will use to send
astronauts to an asteroid in the 2020s and Mars in the 2030s.
On Thursday, July 24 at 6 p.m. EDT, which is the 45th anniversary of Apollo
11's return to Earth, the agency will host a panel discussion -- called NASA’s
Next Giant Leap -- from Comic-Con International in San Diego, California.
Moderated by actor Seth Green, the panel includes Aldrin, NASA Planetary Science
Division Director Jim Green, JPL systems engineer Bobak Ferdowsi, and NASA
astronaut Mike Fincke, who will talk about Orion and the Space Launch System
rocket, which will carry humans on America’s next great adventure in space.
NASA.gov will host features, videos, and historic images and audio clips that
highlight the Apollo 11 anniversary, as well as the future of human spaceflight.
To explore all the special content, visit:
To join the ongoing conversation on social media about the anniversary and
NASA's deep space exploration plans, use the hashtags #NextGiantLeap and
#Apollo45.
For NASA TV streaming video, downlink and scheduling information, visit:
For information about the activities, planning and preparations for the next
giant leap in space exploration, visit:
Mission Objective
The primary objective of Apollo 11 was to complete a national goal set by President John F. Kennedy on May 25, 1961: perform a crewed lunar landing and return to Earth.
Additional flight objectives included scientific exploration by the lunar module, or LM, crew; deployment of a television camera to transmit signals to Earth; and deployment of a solar wind composition experiment, seismic experiment package and a Laser Ranging Retroreflector. During the exploration, the two astronauts were to gather samples of lunar-surface materials for return to Earth. They also were to extensively photograph the lunar terrain, the deployed scientific equipment, the LM spacecraft, and each other, both with still and motion picture cameras. This was to be the last Apollo mission to fly a "free-return" trajectory, which would enable, if necessary, a ready abort of the mission when the combined command and service module/lunar module, or CSM/LM, prepared for insertion into lunar orbit. The trajectory would occur by firing the service propulsion subsystem, or SPS, engine so as to merely circle behind the moon and emerge in a trans-Earth return trajectory.
The primary objective of Apollo 11 was to complete a national goal set by President John F. Kennedy on May 25, 1961: perform a crewed lunar landing and return to Earth.
Additional flight objectives included scientific exploration by the lunar module, or LM, crew; deployment of a television camera to transmit signals to Earth; and deployment of a solar wind composition experiment, seismic experiment package and a Laser Ranging Retroreflector. During the exploration, the two astronauts were to gather samples of lunar-surface materials for return to Earth. They also were to extensively photograph the lunar terrain, the deployed scientific equipment, the LM spacecraft, and each other, both with still and motion picture cameras. This was to be the last Apollo mission to fly a "free-return" trajectory, which would enable, if necessary, a ready abort of the mission when the combined command and service module/lunar module, or CSM/LM, prepared for insertion into lunar orbit. The trajectory would occur by firing the service propulsion subsystem, or SPS, engine so as to merely circle behind the moon and emerge in a trans-Earth return trajectory.
| "The Eagle has landed..." |
| Crew Neil Armstrong Commander Edwin E. Aldrin Jr. Lunar Module Pilot Michael Collins Command Module Pilot |
| Backup Crew James A. Lovell Commander Fred W. Haise Jr. Lunar Module Pilot William A. Anders Command Module Pilot |
| Payload Columbia (CSM-107) Eagle (LM-5) |
| Prelaunch Milestones 11/21/68 - LM-5 integrated systems test 12/6/68 - CSM-107 integrated systems test 12/13/68 - LM-5 acceptance test 1/8/69 - LM-5 ascent stage delivered to Kennedy 1/12/69 - LM-5 descent stage delivered to Kennedy 1/18/69 - S-IVB ondock at Kennedy 1/23/69 - CSM ondock at Kennedy 1/29/69 - command and service module mated 2/6/69 - S-II ondock at Kennedy 2/20/69 - S-IC ondock at Kennedy 2/17/69 - combined CSM-107 systems tests 2/27/69 - S-IU ondock at Kennedy 3/24/69 - CSM-107 altitude testing 4/14/69 - rollover of CSM from the Operations and Checkout Building to the Vehicle Assembly Building 4/22/69 - integrated systems test 5/5/69 - CSM electrical mate to Saturn V 5/20/69 - rollout to Launch Pad 39A 6/1/69 - flight readiness test 6/26/69 - Countdown Demonstration Test |
| Launch July 16, 1969; 9:32 a.m. EDT Launch Pad 39A Saturn-V AS-506 High Bay 1 Mobile Launcher Platform-1 Firing Room 1 |
| Orbit Altitude: 118.65 miles Inclination: 32.521 degrees Orbits: 30 revolutions Duration: eight days, three hours, 18 min, 35 seconds Distance: 953,054 miles Lunar Location: Sea of Tranquility Lunar Coordinates: .71 degrees north, 23.63 degrees east |
| Landing July 24, 1969; 12:50 p.m. EDT Pacific Ocean Recovery Ship: USS Hornet |
The primary objective of Apollo 11 was to complete a national goal set by President John F. Kennedy on May 25, 1961: perform a crewed lunar landing and return to Earth.
Additional flight objectives included scientific exploration by the lunar module, or LM, crew; deployment of a television camera to transmit signals to Earth; and deployment of a solar wind composition experiment, seismic experiment package and a Laser Ranging Retroreflector. During the exploration, the two astronauts were to gather samples of lunar-surface materials for return to Earth. They also were to extensively photograph the lunar terrain, the deployed scientific equipment, the LM spacecraft, and each other, both with still and motion picture cameras. This was to be the last Apollo mission to fly a "free-return" trajectory, which would enable, if necessary, a ready abort of the mission when the combined command and service module/lunar module, or CSM/LM, prepared for insertion into lunar orbit. The trajectory would occur by firing the service propulsion subsystem, or SPS, engine so as to merely circle behind the moon and emerge in a trans-Earth return trajectory.
Mission Highlights
Apollo 11 launched from Cape Kennedy on July 16, 1969, carrying Commander Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins and Lunar Module Pilot Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin into an initial Earth-orbit of 114 by 116 miles. An estimated 530 million people watched Armstrong's televised image and heard his voice describe the event as he took "...one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind" on July 20, 1969.
Two hours, 44 minutes and one-and-a-half revolutions after launch, the S-IVB stage reignited for a second burn of five minutes, 48 seconds, placing Apollo 11 into a translunar orbit. The command and service module, or CSM, Columbia separated from the stage, which included the spacecraft-lunar module adapter, or SLA, containing the lunar module, or LM, Eagle. After transposition and jettisoning of the SLA panels on the S-IVB stage, the CSM docked with the LM. The S-IVB stage separated and injected into heliocentric orbit four hours, 40 minutes into the flight.
The first color TV transmission to Earth from Apollo 11 occurred during the translunar coast of the CSM/LM. Later, on July 17, a three-second burn of the SPS was made to perform the second of four scheduled midcourse corrections programmed for the flight. The launch had been so successful that the other three were not needed.
On July 18, Armstrong and Aldrin put on their spacesuits and climbed through the docking tunnel from Columbia to Eagle to check out the LM, and to make the second TV transmission.
On July 19, after Apollo 11 had flown behind the moon out of contact with Earth, came the first lunar orbit insertion maneuver. At about 75 hours, 50 minutes into the flight, a retrograde firing of the SPS for 357.5 seconds placed the spacecraft into an initial, elliptical-lunar orbit of 69 by 190 miles. Later, a second burn of the SPS for 17 seconds placed the docked vehicles into a lunar orbit of 62 by 70.5 miles, which was calculated to change the orbit of the CSM piloted by Collins. The change happened because of lunar-gravity perturbations to the nominal 69 miles required for subsequent LM rendezvous and docking after completion of the lunar landing. Before this second SPS firing, another TV transmission was made, this time from the surface of the moon.
On July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin entered the LM again, made a final check, and at 100 hours, 12 minutes into the flight, the Eagle undocked and separated from Columbia for visual inspection. At 101 hours, 36 minutes, when the LM was behind the moon on its 13th orbit, the LM descent engine fired for 30 seconds to provide retrograde thrust and commence descent orbit insertion, changing to an orbit of 9 by 67 miles, on a trajectory that was virtually identical to that flown by Apollo 10. At 102 hours, 33 minutes, after Columbia and Eagle had reappeared from behind the moon and when the LM was about 300 miles uprange, powered descent initiation was performed with the descent engine firing for 756.3 seconds. After eight minutes, the LM was at "high gate" about 26,000 feet above the surface and about five miles from the landing site.
The descent engine continued to provide braking thrust until about 102 hours, 45 minutes into the mission. Partially piloted manually by Armstrong, the Eagle landed in the Sea of Tranquility in Site 2 at 0 degrees, 41 minutes, 15 seconds north latitude and 23 degrees, 26 minutes east longitude. This was about four miles downrange from the predicted touchdown point and occurred almost one-and-a-half minutes earlier than scheduled. It included a powered descent that ran a mere nominal 40 seconds longer than preflight planning due to translation maneuvers to avoid a crater during the final phase of landing. Attached to the descent stage was a commemorative plaque signed by President Richard M. Nixon and the three astronauts.
The flight plan called for the first EVA to begin after a four-hour rest period, but it was advanced to begin as soon as possible. Nonetheless, it was almost four hours later that Armstrong emerged from the Eagle and deployed the TV camera for the transmission of the event to Earth. At about 109 hours, 42 minutes after launch, Armstrong stepped onto the moon. About 20 minutes later, Aldrin followed him. The camera was then positioned on a tripod about 30 feet from the LM. Half an hour later, President Nixon spoke by telephone link with the astronauts.
Commemorative medallions bearing the names of the three Apollo 1 astronauts who lost their lives in a launch pad fire, and two cosmonauts who also died in accidents, were left on the moon's surface. A one-and-a-half inch silicon disk, containing micro miniaturized goodwill messages from 73 countries, and the names of congressional and NASA leaders, also stayed behind.
During the EVA, in which they both ranged up to 300 feet from the Eagle, Aldrin deployed the Early Apollo Scientific Experiments Package, or EASEP, experiments, and Armstrong and Aldrin gathered and verbally reported on the lunar surface samples. After Aldrin had spent one hour, 33 minutes on the surface, he re-entered the LM, followed 41 minutes later by Armstrong. The entire EVA phase lasted more than two-and-a-half hours, ending at 111 hours, 39 minutes into the mission.
Armstrong and Aldrin spent 21 hours, 36 minutes on the moon's surface. After a rest period that included seven hours of sleep, the ascent stage engine fired at 124 hours, 22 minutes. It was shut down 435 seconds later when the Eagle reached an initial orbit of 11 by 55 miles above the moon, and when Columbia was on its 25th revolution. As the ascent stage reached apolune at 125 hours, 19 minutes, the reaction control system, or RCS, fired so as to nearly circularize the Eagle orbit at about 56 miles, some 13 miles below and slightly behind Columbia. Subsequent firings of the LM RCS changed the orbit to 57 by 72 miles. Docking with Columbia occurred on the CSM's 27th revolution at 128 hours, three minutes into the mission. Armstrong and Aldrin returned to the CSM with Collins. Four hours later, the LM jettisoned and remained in lunar orbit.
Trans-Earth injection of the CSM began July 21 as the SPS fired for two-and-a-half minutes when Columbia was behind the moon in its 59th hour of lunar orbit. Following this, the astronauts slept for about 10 hours. An 11.2 second firing of the SPS accomplished the only midcourse correction required on the return flight. The correction was made July 22 at about 150 hours, 30 minutes into the mission. Two more television transmissions were made during the trans-Earth coast.
Re-entry procedures were initiated July 24, 44 hours after leaving lunar orbit. The SM separated from the CM, which was re-oriented to a heat-shield-forward position. Parachute deployment occurred at 195 hours, 13 minutes. After a flight of 195 hours, 18 minutes, 35 seconds - about 36 minutes longer than planned - Apollo 11 splashed down in the Pacific Ocean, 13 miles from the recovery ship USS Hornet. Because of bad weather in the target area, the landing point was changed by about 250 miles. Apollo 11 landed 13 degrees, 19 minutes north latitude and 169 degrees, nine minutes west longitude July 24, 1969.
NASA
Apollo 11 launched from Cape Kennedy on July 16, 1969, carrying Commander Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins and Lunar Module Pilot Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin into an initial Earth-orbit of 114 by 116 miles. An estimated 530 million people watched Armstrong's televised image and heard his voice describe the event as he took "...one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind" on July 20, 1969.
Two hours, 44 minutes and one-and-a-half revolutions after launch, the S-IVB stage reignited for a second burn of five minutes, 48 seconds, placing Apollo 11 into a translunar orbit. The command and service module, or CSM, Columbia separated from the stage, which included the spacecraft-lunar module adapter, or SLA, containing the lunar module, or LM, Eagle. After transposition and jettisoning of the SLA panels on the S-IVB stage, the CSM docked with the LM. The S-IVB stage separated and injected into heliocentric orbit four hours, 40 minutes into the flight.
The first color TV transmission to Earth from Apollo 11 occurred during the translunar coast of the CSM/LM. Later, on July 17, a three-second burn of the SPS was made to perform the second of four scheduled midcourse corrections programmed for the flight. The launch had been so successful that the other three were not needed.
On July 18, Armstrong and Aldrin put on their spacesuits and climbed through the docking tunnel from Columbia to Eagle to check out the LM, and to make the second TV transmission.
On July 19, after Apollo 11 had flown behind the moon out of contact with Earth, came the first lunar orbit insertion maneuver. At about 75 hours, 50 minutes into the flight, a retrograde firing of the SPS for 357.5 seconds placed the spacecraft into an initial, elliptical-lunar orbit of 69 by 190 miles. Later, a second burn of the SPS for 17 seconds placed the docked vehicles into a lunar orbit of 62 by 70.5 miles, which was calculated to change the orbit of the CSM piloted by Collins. The change happened because of lunar-gravity perturbations to the nominal 69 miles required for subsequent LM rendezvous and docking after completion of the lunar landing. Before this second SPS firing, another TV transmission was made, this time from the surface of the moon.
On July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin entered the LM again, made a final check, and at 100 hours, 12 minutes into the flight, the Eagle undocked and separated from Columbia for visual inspection. At 101 hours, 36 minutes, when the LM was behind the moon on its 13th orbit, the LM descent engine fired for 30 seconds to provide retrograde thrust and commence descent orbit insertion, changing to an orbit of 9 by 67 miles, on a trajectory that was virtually identical to that flown by Apollo 10. At 102 hours, 33 minutes, after Columbia and Eagle had reappeared from behind the moon and when the LM was about 300 miles uprange, powered descent initiation was performed with the descent engine firing for 756.3 seconds. After eight minutes, the LM was at "high gate" about 26,000 feet above the surface and about five miles from the landing site.
The descent engine continued to provide braking thrust until about 102 hours, 45 minutes into the mission. Partially piloted manually by Armstrong, the Eagle landed in the Sea of Tranquility in Site 2 at 0 degrees, 41 minutes, 15 seconds north latitude and 23 degrees, 26 minutes east longitude. This was about four miles downrange from the predicted touchdown point and occurred almost one-and-a-half minutes earlier than scheduled. It included a powered descent that ran a mere nominal 40 seconds longer than preflight planning due to translation maneuvers to avoid a crater during the final phase of landing. Attached to the descent stage was a commemorative plaque signed by President Richard M. Nixon and the three astronauts.
The flight plan called for the first EVA to begin after a four-hour rest period, but it was advanced to begin as soon as possible. Nonetheless, it was almost four hours later that Armstrong emerged from the Eagle and deployed the TV camera for the transmission of the event to Earth. At about 109 hours, 42 minutes after launch, Armstrong stepped onto the moon. About 20 minutes later, Aldrin followed him. The camera was then positioned on a tripod about 30 feet from the LM. Half an hour later, President Nixon spoke by telephone link with the astronauts.
Commemorative medallions bearing the names of the three Apollo 1 astronauts who lost their lives in a launch pad fire, and two cosmonauts who also died in accidents, were left on the moon's surface. A one-and-a-half inch silicon disk, containing micro miniaturized goodwill messages from 73 countries, and the names of congressional and NASA leaders, also stayed behind.
During the EVA, in which they both ranged up to 300 feet from the Eagle, Aldrin deployed the Early Apollo Scientific Experiments Package, or EASEP, experiments, and Armstrong and Aldrin gathered and verbally reported on the lunar surface samples. After Aldrin had spent one hour, 33 minutes on the surface, he re-entered the LM, followed 41 minutes later by Armstrong. The entire EVA phase lasted more than two-and-a-half hours, ending at 111 hours, 39 minutes into the mission.
Armstrong and Aldrin spent 21 hours, 36 minutes on the moon's surface. After a rest period that included seven hours of sleep, the ascent stage engine fired at 124 hours, 22 minutes. It was shut down 435 seconds later when the Eagle reached an initial orbit of 11 by 55 miles above the moon, and when Columbia was on its 25th revolution. As the ascent stage reached apolune at 125 hours, 19 minutes, the reaction control system, or RCS, fired so as to nearly circularize the Eagle orbit at about 56 miles, some 13 miles below and slightly behind Columbia. Subsequent firings of the LM RCS changed the orbit to 57 by 72 miles. Docking with Columbia occurred on the CSM's 27th revolution at 128 hours, three minutes into the mission. Armstrong and Aldrin returned to the CSM with Collins. Four hours later, the LM jettisoned and remained in lunar orbit.
Trans-Earth injection of the CSM began July 21 as the SPS fired for two-and-a-half minutes when Columbia was behind the moon in its 59th hour of lunar orbit. Following this, the astronauts slept for about 10 hours. An 11.2 second firing of the SPS accomplished the only midcourse correction required on the return flight. The correction was made July 22 at about 150 hours, 30 minutes into the mission. Two more television transmissions were made during the trans-Earth coast.
Re-entry procedures were initiated July 24, 44 hours after leaving lunar orbit. The SM separated from the CM, which was re-oriented to a heat-shield-forward position. Parachute deployment occurred at 195 hours, 13 minutes. After a flight of 195 hours, 18 minutes, 35 seconds - about 36 minutes longer than planned - Apollo 11 splashed down in the Pacific Ocean, 13 miles from the recovery ship USS Hornet. Because of bad weather in the target area, the landing point was changed by about 250 miles. Apollo 11 landed 13 degrees, 19 minutes north latitude and 169 degrees, nine minutes west longitude July 24, 1969.
¡Extra! ¡Extra! ¡El hombre ha pisado la Luna!
Así recogió la prensa escrita los días previos y posteriores a la llegada a nuestro satélite la hazaña de la misión Apolo 11, y el momento histórico en el que los astronautas de la NASA aterrizaron en la Luna por primera vez
https://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/llegada-del-hombre-a-la-luna/extra-extra-el-hombre-ha-pisado-luna_14539/1NASA
Guillermo Gonzalo Sánchez Achutegui
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