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The fourth Galileo In-Orbit Validation flight model satellite, FM4,
pictured at the start of thermal vacuum testing at Thales Alenia Space
Italy's facility in Rome in May 2012. The third Galileo flight model,
FM3, had already undergone this testing.
Credits: ESA/EADS Astrium – R. Kieffer
The next two Galileo navigation satellites have now endured the harsh
vacuum and temperature extremes of space on the way to their scheduled
28 September launch.
The fourth satellite completed 20 days of thermal vacuum testing at Thales Alenia Space Italy’s plant in Rome at the start of June. The third satellite completed the same tests the previous month.
The fourth satellite completed 20 days of thermal vacuum testing at Thales Alenia Space Italy’s plant in Rome at the start of June. The third satellite completed the same tests the previous month.
“These two satellites are almost identical to the first two Galileo
satellites that were launched last 21 October,” explained ESA’s Nigel
Watts.
“So we don’t need to carry out full-scale qualification tests because we
already know from our in-orbit test campaign that the design performs
to our expectations.
21 October 2011: Soyuz lifts off for the first time from Europe’s
Spaceport in French Guiana carrying the first two Galileo In-Orbit
Validation satellites.
Credits: ESA – S. Corvaja, 2011
“Instead, what we are carrying out is acceptance testing: checking
the workmanship, performance and readiness to launch of these new
satellites.”
Thermal vacuum testing involves placing each satellite into a vacuum
chamber and pumping out all the air. Its external surfaces are then
variously heated and cooled while the satellite is operated.
With no air in orbit to moderate temperatures, any part of a satellite
in sunlight can become extremely hot, while those parts in shadow or
facing deep space grow extremely cold. Critical systems must be kept
within a set temperature range, however.
“To give an idea, Galileo’s laser retroreflector on its exterior reached –110°C during the cold phase of testing,” said Guido Barbagallo, Galileo thermal engineer.
“To give an idea, Galileo’s laser retroreflector on its exterior reached –110°C during the cold phase of testing,” said Guido Barbagallo, Galileo thermal engineer.
“Meanwhile, the navigation high-power amplifiers could be driven to more than +40°C during the hot phase.”
Like most satellites, Galileo’s uses a variety of methods to maintain
its temperature range, including multi-layer insulation, heaters, heat
pipes relying on evaporating ammonia to shift heat, and radiators to
dump waste heat out to space.
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The first two of four Galileo In-Orbit Validation satellites were launched on 21 October 2011.
Credits: ESA – P. Carril
Galileo’s passive hydrogen maser atomic clock at the heart of its
navigation services is precise to a second in three million years.
But it requires extremely stable thermal conditions to achieve this.
Its operating temperature needs to be regulated within a single degree, though in practice a tenth of that can be achieved.
“The passive hydrogen maser is mounted on a 3 mm-thick aluminium plate to help hold a uniform temperature, with waste heat finally radiated to space from the external satellite surface,” added Guido.
“The passive hydrogen maser is mounted on a 3 mm-thick aluminium plate to help hold a uniform temperature, with waste heat finally radiated to space from the external satellite surface,” added Guido.
The atomic clock and the mounting plate are wrapped in multi-layer
insulation and attached to the top panel of the satellite, which is
itself kept permanently out of the Sun.
ESA
What is Galileo?
Galileo is Europe’s own global navigation satellite system, providing a highly accurate, guaranteed global positioning service under civilian control. It is inter-operable with GPS and Glonass, the two other global satellite navigation systems. By offering dual frequencies as standard, Galileo will deliver real-time positioning accuracy down to the metre range. It will guarantee availability of the service under all but the most extreme circumstances and will inform users within seconds of any satellite failure, making it suitable for safety-critical applications such as guiding cars, running trains and landing aircraft.
ESA’s first two navigation satellites, GIOVE-A and –B, were launched in 2005 and 2008 respectively, reserving radio frequencies set aside for Galileo by the International Telecommunications Union and testing key Galileo technologies.
Then on 21 October 2011 came the first two of four operational satellites designed to validate the Galileo concept in both space and on Earth. Two more will follow in 2012. Once this In-Orbit Validation (IOV) phase has been completed, additional satellites will be launched to reach Initial Operational Capability (IOC) around mid-decade.
Galileo services will come with quality and integrity guarantees which marks the key difference of this first complete civil positioning system from the military systems that have come before.
A range of services will be extended as the system is built up from IOC to reach the Full Operational Capability (FOC) by this decade’s end.
The fully deployed Galileo system consists of 30 satellites (27 operational + 3 active spares), positioned in three circular Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) planes at 23 222 km altitude above the Earth, and at an inclination of the orbital planes of 56 degrees to the equator.
Galileo is Europe’s own global navigation satellite system, providing a highly accurate, guaranteed global positioning service under civilian control. It is inter-operable with GPS and Glonass, the two other global satellite navigation systems. By offering dual frequencies as standard, Galileo will deliver real-time positioning accuracy down to the metre range. It will guarantee availability of the service under all but the most extreme circumstances and will inform users within seconds of any satellite failure, making it suitable for safety-critical applications such as guiding cars, running trains and landing aircraft.
ESA’s first two navigation satellites, GIOVE-A and –B, were launched in 2005 and 2008 respectively, reserving radio frequencies set aside for Galileo by the International Telecommunications Union and testing key Galileo technologies.
Then on 21 October 2011 came the first two of four operational satellites designed to validate the Galileo concept in both space and on Earth. Two more will follow in 2012. Once this In-Orbit Validation (IOV) phase has been completed, additional satellites will be launched to reach Initial Operational Capability (IOC) around mid-decade.
Galileo services will come with quality and integrity guarantees which marks the key difference of this first complete civil positioning system from the military systems that have come before.
A range of services will be extended as the system is built up from IOC to reach the Full Operational Capability (FOC) by this decade’s end.
The fully deployed Galileo system consists of 30 satellites (27 operational + 3 active spares), positioned in three circular Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) planes at 23 222 km altitude above the Earth, and at an inclination of the orbital planes of 56 degrees to the equator.
http://www.esa.int/esaNA/galileo.html
Guillermo Gonzalo Sánchez Achuteguiayabaca@gmail.com
ayabaca@hotmail.com
ayabaca@yahoo.com
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