The Earth: Flying thermometers

Hi My Friends: A VUELO DE UN QUINDE EL BLOG., Some satellites carry instruments that provide measurements of the surface temperature of oceans and seas – like a thermometer in the sky. Scientists met recently to review data from new satellite missions and scientific progress in the field.

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Envisat’s Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) instrument, which measures global sea-surface temperature (SST) to an accuracy of 0.2ºC, dramatically illustrates the complexity of the thermal currents at play in the Southern Mediterranean off the coast of Northern Libya. The brightest pale blue colour represents the warmest temperatures of approximately 25ºC, while the darkest blue colour represents cooler temperatures of around 21ºC. Image acquired on 18 September 2007. Credits: ESA

Some satellites carry instruments that provide measurements of the surface temperature of oceans and seas – like a thermometer in the sky. Scientists met recently to review data from new satellite missions and scientific progress in the field.

Measuring the sea-surface temperature (SST) across regional and global scales is important for improving weather and ocean forecasting and climate change research.

Satellites provide a consistent and global view of SST at high resolution.

Combining measurements from multiple satellites is a powerful approach. For example, ESA’s Medspiration project provides merged SST maps using data from complementary infrared and passive microwave satellite instruments to map SST dynamics in the Mediterranean (see above animation). 

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Sentinel-3 is being developed by ESA for the European Global Monitoring for Environment and Security programme. The mission’s main objective is to measure sea-surface topography using radar altimetry, sea- and land-surface temperature using an advanced visible/thermal radiometer and ocean- and land-surface colour using a visible spectrometer. Credits: ESA–J. Huart

 The TV5 website also uses Medspiration SST maps in its near-realtime service for swimmers and scientists alike.

ESA began monitoring SST in 1991 with the launch of the first European Remote Sensing satellite, ERS-1, which carried the Along Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR).

The Envisat satellite, launched in 2002, ensured continuity of SST measurements with its Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR).

The radiometers on ERS and Envisat were unique because they use two views of the same sea surface when measuring its temperature.

On 8 April, contact with Envisat was lost and the mission came to an end after 10 years of service – way beyond its design lifetime.

Envisat’s AATSR had allowed the UK Met Office to upgrade the performance of its OSTIA SST analysis system significantly in 2007.

“AATSR, with its dual-view capability, was used as a reference sensor and its loss has degraded the accuracy of the OSTIA SST analysis used by weather and ocean modelling systems,” said Jonah Roberts-Jones of the Met Office.

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Sea-surface temperature in the southern Atlantic and Indian oceans surrounding Africa and Madagascar. High temperatures are evident between Madagascar and the mainland, while temperatures cool as waters near the Antarctic. Credits: ESA/Medspiration

 The next ESA mission foreseen to continue the dual-view SST dataset is Sentinel-3, being developed under Europe’s Global Monitoring and Environmental Security (GMES) programme.

Planned for launch in April 2014, the Sentinel-3 Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR) extends the capability of AATSR, having a wider swath and more channels.

But the big challenge is how to bridge the gap between AATSR and SLSTR.

“Users need records of SST from space lasting decades, without gaps – and many want the records to be independent of in situ measurements,” said Chris Merchant, Science Leader of ESA’s Climate Change Initiative project on SST.

“That was achieved with the ERS and Envisat radiometers. It’s important to carry this forward to Sentinel-3.”

The past, present and future of SST measurements came into focus last month at the 13th Science Team Meeting of the Group for High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (GHRSST).

 Held in Tokyo, Japan, the meeting brought together international scientists and space agency representatives that maintain the provision of SST data for science and operational services.

“The meeting in Tokyo was particularly important as it was the first after the launches of the US satellite Suomi-NPP and the Japanese satellite GCOM-W1,” said Prof. Peter Minnett, Chair of the GHRSST Science Team.

“Both carry new sensors for the measurement of SST, and so herald a new era of satellite SST research and operational applications.

“Now we look forward to the launch of ESA’s Sentinel-3 to complete the suite of new sensors and continue the multi-decadal time series of SST measurements into the future.”

 ESA
 Guillermo Gonzalo Sánchez Achutegui
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