Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta The Yellowstone National Park. Mostrar todas las entradas
Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta The Yellowstone National Park. Mostrar todas las entradas

miércoles, 30 de agosto de 2017

CIENCIA : NASA .- BBC Mundo Noticias.- El ambicioso plan de la NASA para salvar la Tierra de un supervolcán

http://www.bbc.com/mundo/vert-fut-41093674
https://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/yellowstone-heat.html
El supervolcán de YellowstoneDerechos de autor de la imagenISTOCK
Image caption¿Cómo anticiparse a una erupción de Yellowstone? La cuenta regresiva está en marcha.
Dormido bajo los tranquilos paisajes del parque nacional de Yellowstone, en Estados Unidos, se esconde uno de los mayores misterios geológicos del mundo.
Es una enorme cámara de lava volcánica, un río de magma responsable de los géiseres y aguas termales que caracterizan el área.
Pero para los científicos de la NASA, es también una de las más preocupantes amenazas naturales para la civilización humana.
Es, en realidad, un supervolcán, el mayor de todos cuantos existen en el planeta, el más peligroso. Pero no el único.

El peligro de los supervolcanes

Hay alrededor de 20 supervolcanes conocidos en la Tierra, con grandes erupciones que ocurren en promedio cada 100.000 años.
Uno de sus mayores peligros es que una erupción puede provocar un "invierno volcánico" prolongado, una nube de ceniza que trastoca el clima e impide a la civilización de tener suficiente acceso a los recursos naturales y a la comida.
(Prevenir la erupción del supervolcán de Yellowstone) requiere que la comunidad científica invierta el poder de su mente, pero tiene que hacerlo ya"
Brian Wilcox, Laboratorio de Propulsión a Chorro de la NASA
En 2012, Naciones Unidas estimó que las reservas de alimentos en todo el mundo durarían solo 74 días.
Es por eso que, para la NASA, Yellowstone representa un peligro mayor que cualquier otro que pueda venir desde el espacio.
"Yo era miembro del Consejo Asesor de Defensa Planetaria de la NASA, un grupo que estudiaba formas de defender el planeta de asteroides y cometas. Pero llegué a la conclusión de que la amenaza de un supervolcán es sustancialmente mayor ", le explica a BBC Future Brian Wilcox, del Laboratorio de Propulsión a Chorro de la NASA en el Instituto de Tecnología de California.
Por eso, la agencia espacial estadounidense se puso manos a la obra desde hace años para enfrentar el problema.

La estrategia de la NASA

Cuando los científicos de la NASA comenzaron considerar la amenaza y buscarle respuestas, pensaron que la solución más lógica podría ser, simplemente, enfriar el supervolcán, de arriba hacia abajo.
¿En qué consiste esa extraña idea?
Un volcán del tamaño de Yellowstone es, esencialmente, un generador gigantesco de calor, equivalente a seis plantas industriales de energía.
En la actualidad, Yellowstone filtra hacia la atmósfera aproximadamente el 60-70% del calor que produce a través del agua que se cuela por las grietas de la cámara del magma.
El resto se acumula dentro de la lava, lo que actúa como combustible para disolver más y más gases volátiles y rocas circundantes.
Una vista desde el espacio de un volcán en eurpciónDerechos de autor de la imagenGETTY IMAGES
Image captionLos astronautas en la Estación Espacial Internacional tienen una vista muy particular de un volcán en erupción.
Cuando este calor alcanza un determinado umbral, una erupción es inevitable.
Pero si se pudiera extraer más calor, entonces el supervolcán nunca entraría en erupción.
La NASA estima que si lograra reducir en un 35% el calor que se genera dentro de la cámara de magma, Yellowstone ya no representaría una amenaza.
La pregunta es cómo hacerlo.

Acueducto volcánico

La primera alternativa, según la NASA, estaría simplemente en aumentar la cantidad de agua que se filtra hacia el interior del .
Pero desde una perspectiva práctica, sería tal vez imposible convencer a los políticos de aprobar tal iniciativa.
"Construir un gran acueducto cuesta arriba en una región montañosa sería costoso y difícil con la crisis del agua a nivel internacional; no creo que a la gente le agrade la idea de desperdiciarla para enfriar un volcán", asegura Wilcox.
En cambio, la NASA propuso perforar hasta 10km hacia las entrañas del supervolcán y bombear el agua a alta presión.
El líquido en circulación volvería a la superficie en forma de vapor, a una temperatura de alrededor de 350 °C. Así, lentamente, día por día, se extraería calor del volcán.
A simple vista, podría parecer un proyecto similar al anterior. Si a eso le añadimos que costaría alrededor de US$3.500 millones, es sencillo imaginar que la idea podría quedar también en la nada.
Pero la agencia espacial encontró una atractiva solución para convencer a los políticos de hacer la inversión.
"Yellowstone actualmente gotea alrededor de 6 gigavatios en calor. Con la perforación, esto podría ser utilizado para crear una planta geotérmica, que geneRAría energía eléctrica a precios muy competitivos de alrededor de US$0,10/kWh", asegura Wilcox.
Un volcán que hace erupción en IndonesiaDerechos de autor de la imagenGETTY IMAGES
Image captionSi un supervolcán hace erupción, será muchas veces más poderoso que este volcán en Indonesia.
Para este investigador, la solución permitiría recuperar la inversión inicial, generaría electricidad suficiente para alimentar el área circundante durante un período potencial de decenas de miles de años y se evitarían futuras erupciones de supervolcán que devastaría a la humanidad.

Riesgos

Pero la perforación de un supervolcán no vendría sin ciertos riesgos. De hecho, podría desencadenar la erupción que desea prevenir.
En otras palabras, podría despertar al monstruo que duerme hace miles y miles de años.
¿Qué hacer entonces?
"Lo más importante es no hacer daño a la estructura de la cámara de magma. Si perforas en la parte superior de la cámara y tratas de enfriar desde allí, esto sería muy arriesgado", sostiene Wilcox.
En opinión del experto, eso podría hacer que la tapa sobre la cámara del magma se vuelva más frágil y propensa a la fractura. Así sería más fácil que se active la liberación de gases volátiles nocivos.
Por eso, la idea es perforar el supervolcán desde sus laterales, que se encuentran incluso fuera de los límites de Yellowstone.
Sin embargo, aquellos que inviertan o trabajen en el proyecto no vivirán para saber si dio resultado o no. Ni siquiera lo verán terminado.
El enfriamiento de Yellowstone de esta manera ocurriría a una velocidad de un metro por año, por lo que tardaría decenas de miles de años hasta que la cámara de magma se convirtiera en una masa de roca fría.
Pero aunque la cámara de Yellowstone no necesitaría ser congelada totalmente para llegar al punto en el que ya no represente una amenaza, no habría tampoco garantías de que el esfuerzo finalmente tendría éxito por lo menos durante cientos y posiblemente miles de años.
Entonces, ¿para qué hacerlo?

Los beneficios de domar el volcán

Según Wilcox, los beneficios de esta estrategia a largo plazo no solo incluirían la posibilidad de domar al volcán, sino también que garantizaría en términos cotidianos una nueva fuente de suministro de energía eléctrica.
Una erupción del Monte Etna, vista desde el espacioDerechos de autor de la imagenGETTY IMAGES
Image captionAsi se vio desde el espacio una de las erupciones del Monte Etna. Un poco más al norte, cerca de Nápoles, está ubicado el supervolcán Campi Flegrei.
Tal plan podría aplicarse potencialmente a cada supervolcán activo en el planeta y los expertos de la NASA esperan que estas ideas fomenten también un debate científico más práctico para abordar la amenaza.
"Cuando la gente consideró por primera vez la idea de defender la Tierra del impacto de asteroides, reaccionaron de manera similar a la amenaza de un supervolcán", sostiene Wilcox.
"La gente pensó: ¿cómo pueden los humanos impedir que un asteroide golpee la Tierra? Bueno, resulta que si inventas algo que empuje al asteroide muy ligeramente durante mucho tiempo, puedes hacerlo cambiar de rumbo".
Por eso, Wilcox considera que resolver el problema de la amenaza de los supervolcanes resulta más fácil de lo que la gente piensa.
"En ambos casos requiere que la comunidad científica invierta el poder de su mente, pero tiene que hacerlo ya. Yellowstone hace erupción aproximadamente cada 600.000 años y hace unos 600.000 años desde que lo hizo por última vez", explica.
La cuenta regresiva ha comenzado.

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BBC Mundo Noticias

Landsat satellites Track Yellowstone's Underground Heat :

Yellowstone National Park sits on top of a vast, ancient, and still active volcano. Heat pours off its underground magma chamber, and is the fuel for Yellowstone’s famous features -- more than 10,000 hot springs, mud pots, terraces and geysers, including Old Faithful.

But expected development by energy companies right outside Yellowstone’s borders have some fearing that Old Faithful could be cheated out of its energy.

"If that geothermal development outside of the park begins, we need to know whether that's going to cause Old Faithful to suddenly stop spewing," says Rick Lawrence of Montana State University.

Geothermal energy development is here to stay, says Yellowstone Park geologist Cheryl Jaworowski, but it has also raised some big questions for the National Park Service, which is tasked by Congress to monitor and protect Yellowstone's unique landscape. 

true color and thermal images of Yellowstone National Park Yellowstone National Park is outlined by red in each of the Landsat scenes. On the left is a true color image with vegetation shown in green. On the right, is the thermal image with higher heat emitted shown in white. (Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center)

The park funded a study by Lawrence and his co-author Shannon Savage to apply a new perspective to the problem of tracking geothermal activity. Their work is being presented at the American Geophysical Union conference in San Francisco on Friday, December 9. Lawrence and Savage used both visible light and heat-sensitive Landsat data channels to get a broad view of the park’s geothermal activity.

Their project is part of a new monitoring plan the park implemented in 2005. The plan uses remote sensing and airborne reconnaissance to observe geothermal changes across all of Yellowstone in a systematic and scientific manner. In the past, scientific studies on the ground tended to focus on individual features, and the only park wide estimate of Yellowstone's heat was derived from a chemical product of geothermal systems that appears in the river system. But with different technology available today, says Jaworowski, the park wants to expand its monitoring options.

To understand Yellowstone's geothermal system, "we need to start looking at the forest rather than the individual trees," says Jawrorski. And one way to see Yellowstone's geothermal "forest" is to get a view from space. 

Circling Earth from a height of 438 miles, the Landsat satellites have been gathering for decades a huge amount of data about the land surface. A single scene can take in the entirety of Yellowstone National Park, and the data it gathers is much more than a pretty picture. In addition to measuring the visible light in the electromagnetic spectrum -- what we can see -- the Landsat satellites each have an instrument that detects waves in the thermal band -- heat energy.

Earth radiates heat all the time because it is warmed by the sun. Like a sponge, the ground absorbs solar energy, and like when you squeeze off excess water, the Earth reemits some of that solar energy at a longer wavelength back into space. But in Yellowstone, the total energy picked up by the satellite includes energy produced by the Earth itself, geothermal energy.

Minerva Terrace and Spring 
Minerva Terrace and Spring, part of Mammoth Hot Springs in Yellowstone National Park, photographed in 1963. Credit: National Park Service
› Larger image “It’s very hard to tease out the geothermal energy,” says Lawrence. The amount of solar energy reemitted depends on air temperature, vegetation cover, and soil moisture among other variables, and geothermal energy is only a small fraction of the total. To estimate changes in the geothermal system, Lawrence and Savage looked back in time and selected one image per year from 1986 to 2007 (with a few gaps due to cloudy days). Because solar effects vary from year to year and with weather conditions, they subtracted out the average heat emitted from the surface of Yellowstone for each year. The observed changes from year to year would then be primarily attributable to geothermal changes. The scientists then compared these images with known geothermal events during that time period. 

Minerva Terraces in the Mammoth Basin was one of those geothermal events. In 1998, mineral-rich, near-boiling water bubbled over the Minerva's broad steps, depositing calcite on the face of each terrace. Heat-loving organisms colored the white surface a dozen shades of pink, yellow, and green. A year later, the Terraces were a ghost town. "There was no steam, no color, and then it started crumbling away because it was very soft calcite," says Savage. Minerva’s colorful ecosystem collapsed when the hot water stopped flowing.

That collapse was reflected in the satellite data Lawrence says. In the Landsat scenes from 1998 and 1999, "the amount of energy coming off the Minerva Terrace area went down."

geothermal emittance data from the Mammoth Hot Springs area This series of geothermal emittance data from the Mammoth Hot Springs area shows a general trend of increased emittance to 2000, and then decreased emittance from 2000 to 2007. This general trend occurred in all sites in the study and is thought to be part of a larger cyclical trend of uplift and subsidence of the hot magma beneath Yellowstone. (Credit: Shannon Savage)

But not all the changes were expected. A lone hiker on a boardwalk at Jewel Geyser snapped a picture of rocks flying everywhere in a geothermal explosion. But in the Landsat data where the scientists would have expected more heat, "the temperature actually went down, then it went back up afterward," says Lawrence. At the time no ground temperature measurements were made so the science team doesn't know why.

What this means for real-time monitoring at this stage of the project, says Lawrence, is that the satellite data can tell Park managers when big changes occur in a geothermal area, but not necessarily what is happening, or exactly where. Landsat thermal pixels used in this study are 120 meters on a side, much bigger than many of Yellowstone’s geothermal landmarks, many of which can be as small or smaller than a one meter. 

This relatively large pixel size is one of the limiting factors on Landsat's usefulness, says Savage. Many small events, like a hiking trail to Beaver Ponds that disappeared by Narrow Gauge Spring in the summer of 1998, are too small to appear in the Landsat data. 

Despite these uncertainties, Landsat data’s long-term record, going back to 1984, gives scientists clues as to how geothermal events could be interconnected underground. If two areas tend to change in similar patterns, that suggests they might share the same plumbing. While geothermal sites outside the park were outside Lawrence and Savage’s study area, by using this type of analysis, scientists may be able to see if there are -- or are not -- any connections to areas inside the park. For example, two areas that were long thought to be connected, the Norris Geyser Basin and Mammoth Hot Springs, did not show any similar trends and so may not be connected underground in any way.

Using satellites to monitor changes in Yellowstone's geothermal activity is still in its early stages, says Park geologist Cheryl Jaworowski. "We have some initial numbers but a lot more work needs to be done," she says, particularly in further resolving geothermal from solar energy, which remains one of the biggest challenges. One thing she wants to try is to take Landsat thermal scenes at night to try to reduce the amount of solar energy obscuring the geothermal signal.

If they can resolve that problem and perhaps eventually get higher resolution thermal data in the future, Savage says that Landsat as a monitoring tool has a lot of potential. The next Landsat satellite, the Landsat Data Continuity Mission is scheduled to launch in early 2013, and it has a new thermal instrument that will add to the Yellowstone geothermal record in the coming decade.

The Landsat Program is a series of Earth observing satellite missions jointly managed by NASA and the U.S. Geological Survey. Landsat satellites have been consistently gathering data about our planet since 1972. They continue to improve and expand this unparalleled record of Earth's changing landscapes for the benefit of all.
For more information on Landsat, visit: 
 
 Ellen Gray
NASA's Earth Science News Team

Guillermo Gonzalo Sánchez Achutegui
ayabaca@gmail.com
ayabaca@hotmail.com
ayabaca@yahoo.com
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viernes, 5 de agosto de 2016

NSF: Earlier snowmelt decreases streamflow, reduces forests' ability to regulate atmospheric carbon dioxide.- Deshielo temprano disminuye el caudal, reduce la capacidad de los bosques para regular el dióxido de carbono atmosférico

http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=189304&WT.mc_id=USNSF_51&WT.mc_ev=click
By mid-century, shift in snowmelt timing could lead to 45 percent reduction of forest CO2 uptake

A Colorado Rocky Mountain forest during the winter-spring transition period, which is changing.

A Colorado Rocky Mountain forest during the winter-spring transition period, which is changing.
Credit and Larger Version

August 3, 2016
Earlier annual snowmelt periods may hinder the ability of forests to regulate atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), according to the results of a new study.
The findings, published in Geophysical Research Letters, a journal of the American Geophysical Union, predict that this shift in snowmelt timing each spring could result in a 45 percent reduction of snowmelt period forest carbon by mid-century.
A second study, also published in Geophysical Research Letters, found that earlier, slower snowmelt reduces the amount of streamflow, which has consequences for agriculture, municipal water supplies and recreational opportunities in Colorado and other states in the western U.S.
"The recent western drought has been accompanied by a snowpack restricted to higher elevations, with a significant effect on the ski industry," said Tom Torgersen, program director in the National Science Foundation (NSF) Division of Earth Sciences, which funded the research. NSF's Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program also supported the studies through the Niwot Ridge, Colorado, LTER site.
"Climate variability also leads to conditions favoring earlier and slower snowmelt, with a decreased and prolonged peak streamflow," Torgersen said. "This water flow affects mountain fishing and results in less forest growth. The effects of drought and climate variability on snowmelt reach far beyond farm productivity and urban water restrictions."
 
Implications for western U.S.
 
Forests in seasonally snow-covered areas serve as key CO2 sinks, thanks to the natural processes by which trees take in carbon. This carbon uptake is restrained during winter, but increases to peak capacity in spring when snowmelt provides abundant water to trees.
University of Colorado Boulder (CU-Boulder) scientists working at Niwot Ridge in Colorado's Rocky Mountains studied 15 years of snowmelt and atmospheric CO2 data to determine the effects of changes in snowmelt periods.
They found that earlier snowmelt triggered by climate change reduces forests' ability to take CO2 out of the atmosphere.
"The implications of this research are profound as mountains in the western U.S. are an important part of the regional cycling of carbon and water," said Noah Molotch, the director of CU-Boulder's Center for Water, Earth Science & Technology, and a co-author of both studies.
Added Taylor Winchell of CU-Boulder's Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR) and lead author of one of the studies: "Early melting reduces trees' ability to uptake carbon during the snowmelt period, a key time for seasonal carbon uptake."
 
Downstream water resources
 
Snowmelt also provides water resources to downstream communities. Previous research shows that the timing and rate at which snow melts can affect the amount and quality of water available for vegetation, farming and fishing.
The researchers used a unique modeling system to study the effects of earlier snowmelt across various regions of the western U.S., including the Cascade Range, the Sierra Nevada, the Wasatch Range and the Rocky Mountains. These areas see significant seasonal snow accumulations that generate water resources for downstream communities.
The results show that earlier, slower snowmelt, triggered by warmer temperatures, reduces streamflow. These slower "trickle" melts reduce percolation in hillslope soils and allow more water to evaporate, resulting in less streamflow overall.
"Of all the regions we studied, streamflow from Colorado's Rocky Mountains is most sensitive to changes in snowmelt," said Theodore Barnhart of INSTAAR, lead author of the second study. "This analysis suggests that all the regions studied will experience a decrease in streamflow with a decrease in snowmelt rate, with some regions having more streamflow sensitivity than others."
CU-Boulder's Molotch added that the findings have broad implications for the scientific community.
"Given that 60 million people in the western U.S. depend on snowmelt for their water supply, the future decline in snowmelt-derived streamflow may place additional stress on over-allocated water supplies," he said. "These two studies are reshaping the way scientists -- and land and water managers -- think about climate change in mountain regions."
-NSF-
Media Contacts Cheryl Dybas, NSF, (703) 292-7734,
 cdybas@nsf.gov
Trent Knoss, University of Colorado Boulder, (303) 735-0528,
 trent.knoss@colorado.edu
Lauren Lipuma, American Geophysical Union, (202) 777-7396,
llipuma@agu.org

Related WebsitesNSF Grant: Snowpack energy and mass balance: implications for biogeochemical feedbacks in alpine basins: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1032308&HistoricalAwards=false
Study Ties Forest "Greenness" in Western U.S. to Snowpack Extent: https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=125359&org=NSF


The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent federal agency that supports fundamental research and education across all fields of science and engineering. In fiscal year (FY) 2016, its budget is $7.5 billion. NSF funds reach all 50 states through grants to nearly 2,000 colleges, universities and other institutions. Each year, NSF receives more than 48,000 competitive proposals for funding and makes about 12,000 new funding awards. NSF also awards about $626 million in professional and service contracts yearly.
 Get News Updates by Email 
Useful NSF Web Sites:
NSF Home Page:
https://www.nsf.gov
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https://www.nsf.gov/news/
For the News Media:
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Mid-summer snowfields in the mountains of Washington State; most snow has melted.
Mid-summer snowfields in the mountains of Washington State; most snow has melted.
Credit and Larger Version
The Collegiate Peaks viewed from the Arkansas River Valley in Colorado.
The Collegiate Peaks viewed from the Arkansas River Valley in Colorado.
Credit and Larger Version
Scientists gauge streamflow in the Sagehen Experimental Watershed in California.
Scientists gauge streamflow in the Sagehen Experimental Watershed in California.
Credit and Larger Version
Colorado's San Juan Mountains covered in late spring snow. Snowmelt timing is shifting here.
Colorado's San Juan Mountains covered in late spring snow. Snowmelt timing is shifting here.
Credit and Larger Version
The Yellowstone River in Yellowstone National Park after a late spring snowstorm.
The Yellowstone River in Yellowstone National Park after a late spring snowstorm.
Credit and Larger Version

The National Science Foundation (NSF)
Guillermo Gonzalo Sánchez Achutegui
ayabaca@gmail.com
ayabaca@hotmail.com
ayabaca@yahoo.com
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domingo, 5 de junio de 2016

NSF: Discovery.- Supervolcanoes like Yellowstone may have been more active in the past.- Los supervolcanes en Yellowstone pueden haber sido muy activos en el pasado....

Hola amigos: A VUELO DE UN QUINDE EL BLOG., hemos recibido información de la Fundación Nacional de Ciencias de Los Estados Unidos, sobre un descubrimiento en sentido que en la pasado;  hubieron super volcanes muy activos en el Parque Nacional de Yellowstone, lamentablemente esa amenaza telúrica se mantiene y hay estudios que cada 600,000 mil años hay erupciones gigantescas de volcanes en apariencia que están dormidos, y que al despertar pueden afectar con una erupción toda la atmósfera terrestre y la vida sobre La Tierra. Según los estudios de los vulcanólogos ya estamos en ese trayecto y puede ser hoy, mañana, pasado o 50 mil años que erupcionará el Gigante Yellowstone.
More information....
http://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=138519&WT.mc_id=USNSF_51&WT.mc_ev=click

Geologists go 'back to the past'
Lankin Dome, one of the research sites, from the south along the Sweetwater River in Wyoming.
Lankin Dome, one of the research sites, from the south along the Sweetwater River in Wyoming.
Credit and Larger Version
June 2, 2016
Geophysical monitoring of the ground above active supervolcanoes, like the one located in Yellowstone National Park, shows that it rises and falls as magma moves beneath the surface of the Earth.
Magma located under areas that include the Yellowstone region and the western margin of North and South America can erupt violently, spewing vast quantities of ash into the air, followed by slower flows of glassy, viscous magma.
But what do these subterranean magma chambers look like, and where does the magma originate? Modern, active volcanoes cannot answer those questions, scientists say.

Back to the past

Instead, a new study by University of Wyoming researchers suggests scientists can go back to the past to study present-day solidified magma chambers where the erosion has removed overlying rock, exposing granite underpinnings.
The study, funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF), and its findings are outlined in a paper published in the June issue of American Mineralogist, the journal of the Mineralogical Society of America.
"Every geology student is taught that the present is the key to the past," says geologist Carol Frost, director of NSF's Division of Earth Sciences, on leave from the University of Wyoming. "In this study, we used the record from the past to understand what's happening in modern magma chambers."
 
Secrets in a batholith
 
One such large granite body, the 2.62 billion-year-old Wyoming batholith, extends more than 125 miles across central Wyoming.
University of Wyoming earth scientist Davin Bagdonas traversed the Granite, Shirley and Laramie Mountains to examine the batholith. He found remarkable uniformity, with similar minerals throughout.
Says Bagdonas, who worked on the project with Frost, "only minor variations were observed in granite near the roof and margins."
That homogeneity, or sameness, indicates the crystallizing magma was well-mixed. However, more subtle variations across the batholith show that the magma formed by the melting of multiple rock sources that rose through several conduits.
Large bodies composed of biotite granite, such as the Wyoming batholith, are more common in the Neoarchean era (2.8 billion-2.5 billion years ago) than in younger terrains. The reason may relate to higher radioactive heat production in the past, which provided power to drive extensive granite formation.
"If these ancient rocks are analogs for the magma systems underlying modern supervolcanoes, then explosive volcanism may have been far more abundant in Earth's past than it is today," the researchers conclude in their paper.
-- Cheryl Dybas, NSF (703) 292-7734
  cdybas@nsf.gov
-- Chad Baldwin, University of Wyoming (307) 766-3257
 cbaldwin@uwyo.edu
Investigators Carol Frost
B. Ronald Frost
Kevin Chamberlain
Related Institutions/Organizations University of Wyoming
Related Programs Tectonics
Total Grants $225,135
View from below the summit of Lankin Dome, showing granite that caps the peak.
View from below the summit of Lankin Dome, showing granite that caps the peak.
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Scientists Carol Frost and Davin Bagdonas prepare for the next pitch up Lankin Dome.
Scientists Carol Frost and Davin Bagdonas prepare for the next pitch up Lankin Dome.
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Carol Frost and Davin Bagdonas making observations near the summit of Lankin Dome.
Carol Frost and Davin Bagdonas making observations near the summit of Lankin Dome.
Credit and Larger Version
Granite of the Wyoming batholith exposed in Wyoming's Granite Mountains.
Granite of the Wyoming batholith exposed in Wyoming's Granite Mountains.
Credit and Larger Version
The National Science Foundation (NSF)
Guillermo Gonzalo Sánchez Achutegui
ayabaca@gmail.com
ayabaca@hotmail.com
ayabaca@yahoo.com
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