This composite of Hubble images was taken in
visible and near-infrared light. Four unusually red objects (circled) appear as
they existed just 500 million years after the big bang.
Image Credit: NASA/ESA/Illingworth,Oesch,UC-SC/Bouwens,
Labb,Leiden U.
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NASA's Hubble
Space Telescope is providing a new perspective on the remote universe, including
new views of young and distant galaxies bursting with stars. Scientists
described the findings Tuesday in a news conference sponsored by the American
Astronomical Society (AAS).
Highlighted in the briefing were three discoveries -- four unusually bright
galaxies as they appeared 13 billion years ago, the deepest image ever obtained
of a galaxy cluster, and a sampling of galaxies thought to be responsible for
most of the stars we see today.
The ultra-bright, young galaxies, discovered using data from NASA's Hubble
and Spitzer space telescopes, are bursting with star formation activity, which
accounts for their brilliance. The brightest one is forming stars approximately
50 times faster than our Milky Way galaxy does today. These fledgling galaxies
are only one-twentieth the size of the Milky Way, but they probably contain
about 1 billion stars crammed together.
Although Hubble has previously identified galaxies at this early epoch,
astronomers were surprised to find objects that are about 10 to 20 times more
luminous than anything seen previously.
"These just stuck out like a sore thumb because they are far brighter than we
anticipated," explained Garth Illingworth of the University of California at
Santa Cruz. "There are strange things happening regardless of what these sources
are. We're suddenly seeing luminous, massive galaxies quickly build up at such
an early time. This was quite unexpected."
The galaxies were first detected with Hubble. Its sharp images are crucial to
finding such distant galaxies and enabled the astronomers to measure their
star-formation rates and sizes. Using Spitzer, the astronomers were able to
estimate the stellar masses by measuring the total stellar luminosity of the
galaxies.
"This is the first time scientists were able to measure an object's mass at
such a huge distance," said Pascal Oesch of Yale University in New Haven, Conn.
"It's a fabulous demonstration of the synergy between Hubble and Spitzer."
The result bodes well for NASA's James Webb Space Telescope, currently in
development. Scientists anticipate using Webb to look even farther back in time
to find young, growing galaxies as they existed only a few hundred million years
after the universe began in theorized big bang.
An unprecedented long distance view of the universe comes from an ambitious
collaborative project with Hubble called The Frontier Fields. It is the longest
and deepest exposure obtained to date of a cluster of galaxies, and shows some
of the faintest and youngest galaxies ever detected. The image contains several
hundred galaxies as they looked 3.5 billion years ago.
Astronomers used Hubble and the magnification power
of the giant cluster of galaxies Abell 1689 to find 58 remote galaxies. They are
the smallest, faintest, and most numerous galaxies ever seen in the remote
universe.
Image Credit: NASA/ESA/B.Siana, A.Alavi, UC
Riverside
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Appearing in the foreground of the image is Abell 2744, a massive galaxy
cluster located in the constellation Sculptor. The immense gravity in Abell 2744
is being used as a lens to warp space and brighten and magnify images of more
distant background galaxies. The more distant galaxies appear as they did longer
than 12 billion years ago, not long after the big bang.
The Hubble exposure reveals almost 3,000 of these background galaxies
interleaved with images of hundreds of foreground galaxies in the cluster. Their
images not only appear brighter, but also smeared, stretched and duplicated
across the field. Because of the gravitational lensing phenomenon, the
background galaxies are magnified to appear as much as 10 to 20 times larger
than they would normally appear. Furthermore, the faintest of these highly
magnified objects is 10 to 20 times fainter than any galaxy observed previously.
Without the boost from gravitational lensing, the many background galaxies would
be invisible.
The Hubble exposure will be combined with images from Spitzer and NASA's
Chandra X-ray Observatory to provide new insight into the origin and evolution
of galaxies and their accompanying black holes.
Hubble also uncovered a substantial population of 58 young, diminutive
galaxies that scientists long suspected were responsible for producing a
majority of stars now present in the cosmos during the universe's early
years.
Deep exposures in ultraviolet light, made with Hubble's Wide Field Camera 3,
revealed a sampling of galaxies that existed more than 10 billion years ago,
when the universe was roughly 3.4 billion years old. They are the smallest,
faintest, galaxies seen in the remote universe to date. A census of galaxies
existing at the time indicates these small, faint galaxies are 100 times more
abundant in the universe than their more massive cousins.
"There's always been a concern that we've only found the brightest of the
distant galaxies," said Brian Siana of the University of California at
Riverside. "The bright galaxies, however, represent the tip of the iceberg. We
believe most of the stars forming in the early universe are occurring in
galaxies we normally can't see at all. Now we have found those 'unseen'
galaxies, and we're really confident that we're seeing the rest of the iceberg."
This long-exposure Hubble Space Telescope image of
massive galaxy cluster Abell 2744 (foreground) is the deepest ever made of any
cluster of galaxies. It shows some of the faintest and youngest galaxies ever
detected in space.
Image Credit: NASA/ESA/J.Lotz, M.Mountain, A.Koekemoer/STScI HFF
Team
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Normally too faint for Hubble to see, these galaxies were revealed through
gravitational lensing focused on a massive galaxy cluster known as Abell 1689 in
the constellation Ursa Major. The cluster magnified light emitted by distant
objects behind it, causing the newly discovered galaxies to appear bigger and
brighter. If this sample is representative of the entire population at the time,
then the majority of new stars formed in such small, unseen galaxies.
"Though these galaxies are very faint, their increased numbers mean that they
account for the majority of star formation during this epoch," said team member
Anahita Alavi, also of the University of California at Riverside.
The astronomers were surprised to find the deeper they looked with Hubble,
the more faint galaxies they found.
"Our goal with these observations was not to find a large number of galaxies,
but to find much fainter galaxies," said Alavi.
For images and more information about the ultra-bright young galaxies,
visit:
To see more images and information about The Frontier Fields campaign,
visit:
For images and more information about Abell 1689, visit:
For more information about the Hubble Space Telescope, visit:
NASA
Guillermo Gonzalo Sánchez Achutegui
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