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› Full SizeFirst X-ray View of Martian Soil
This graphic shows results of the first analysis of Martian soil by the Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin) experiment on NASA's Curiosity rover. The image reveals the presence of crystalline feldspar, pyroxenes and olivine mixed with some amorphous (non-crystalline) material. The soil sample, taken from a wind-blown deposit within Gale Crater, where the rover landed, is similar to volcanic soils in Hawaii.Curiosity scooped the soil on Oct. 15, 2012, the 69th sol, or Martian day, of operations. It was delivered to CheMin for X-ray diffraction analysis on October 17, 2012, the 71st sol. By directing an X-ray beam at a sample and recording how X-rays are scattered by the sample at an atomic level, the instrument can definitively identify and quantify minerals on Mars for the first time. Each mineral has a unique pattern of rings, or "fingerprint," revealing its presence.
The colors in the graphic represent the intensity of the X-rays, with red being the most intense.
Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Ames
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› Full SizeWind-Blown Martian Sand
This pair of images from the Mast Camera on NASA's Curiosity rover shows the upper portion of a wind-blown deposit dubbed "Rocknest." The rover team recently commanded Curiosity to take a scoop of soil from a region located out of frame, below this view. The soil was then analyzed with the Chemistry and Mineralogy instrument, or CheMin.The colors in the image at left are unmodified, showing the scene as it would appear on Mars, which has a dusty red-colored atmosphere. The image at right has been white-balanced to show what the same area would look like under the lighting conditions on Earth.
The rounded rock located at the upper center portion of the images is about 8 inches (0.2 meters) across.
Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
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› Full SizeCuriosity Digs In
This pair of images shows a "bite mark" where NASA's Curiosity rover scooped up some Martian soil (left), and the scoop carrying soil. The first scoop sample was taken from the "Rocknest" patch of dust and sand on Oct. 7, 2012, the 61st sol, or Martian day, of operations. A third scoop sample was collected on Oct. 15, or Sol 69, and deposited into the Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin) instrument on Oct. 17, or Sol 71.› Unannotated version
These images were taken by Curiosity's Mast Camera. Scientists enhanced the color in this version to show the Martian scene as it would appear under lighting conditions on Earth, which helps in analyzing the terrain.
Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
NASA Rover's First Soil Studies Help Fingerprint Martian Minerals
PASADENA, Calif. -- NASA's Mars rover Curiosity has completed initial
experiments showing the mineralogy of Martian soil is similar to
weathered basaltic soils of volcanic origin in Hawaii.
The minerals were identified in the first sample of Martian soil
ingested recently by the rover. Curiosity used its Chemistry and
Mineralogy instrument (CheMin) to obtain the results, which are filling
gaps and adding confidence to earlier estimates of the mineralogical
makeup of the dust and fine soil widespread on the Red Planet.
"We had many previous inferences and discussions about the mineralogy of
Martian soil," said David Blake of NASA Ames Research Center in Moffett
Field, Calif., who is the principal investigator for CheMin. "Our
quantitative results provide refined and in some cases new
identifications of the minerals in this first X-ray diffraction analysis
on Mars."
The identification of minerals in rocks and soil is crucial for the
mission's goal to assess past environmental conditions. Each mineral
records the conditions under which it formed. The chemical composition
of a rock provides only ambiguous mineralogical information, as in the
textbook example of the minerals diamond and graphite, which have the
same chemical composition, but strikingly different structures and
properties.
CheMin uses X-ray diffraction, the standard practice for geologists on
Earth using much larger laboratory instruments. This method provides
more accurate identifications of minerals than any method previously
used on Mars. X-ray diffraction reads minerals' internal structure by
recording how their crystals distinctively interact with X-rays.
Innovations from Ames led to an X-ray diffraction instrument compact
enough to fit inside the rover.
These NASA technological advances have resulted in other applications on
Earth, including compact and portable X-ray diffraction equipment for
oil and gas exploration, analysis of archaeological objects and
screening of counterfeit pharmaceuticals, among other uses.
"Our team is elated with these first results from our instrument," said
Blake. "They heighten our anticipation for future CheMin analyses in the
months and miles ahead for Curiosity."
The specific sample for CheMin's first analysis was soil Curiosity
scooped up at a patch of dust and sand that the team named Rocknest. The
sample was processed through a sieve to exclude particles larger than
0.006 inch (150 micrometers), roughly the width of a human hair. The
sample has at least two components: dust distributed globally in dust
storms and fine sand originating more locally. Unlike conglomerate rocks
Curiosity investigated a few weeks ago, which are several billion years
old and indicative of flowing water, the soil material CheMin has
analyzed is more representative of modern processes on Mars.
"Much of Mars is covered with dust, and we had an incomplete
understanding of its mineralogy," said David Bish, CheMin
co-investigator with Indiana University in Bloomington. "We now know it
is mineralogically similar to basaltic material, with significant
amounts of feldspar, pyroxene and olivine, which was not unexpected.
Roughly half the soil is non-crystalline material, such as volcanic
glass or products from weathering of the glass. "
Bish said, "So far, the materials Curiosity has analyzed are consistent
with our initial ideas of the deposits in Gale Crater recording a
transition through time from a wet to dry environment. The ancient
rocks, such as the conglomerates, suggest flowing water, while the
minerals in the younger soil are consistent with limited interaction
with water."
During the two-year prime mission of the Mars Science Laboratory
Project, researchers are using Curiosity's 10 instruments to investigate
whether areas in Gale Crater ever offered environmental conditions
favorable for microbial life.
NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of Caltech in Pasadena,
manages the project for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington,
and built Curiosity and CheMin.
For more information about Curiosity and its mission,
visit: http://www.nasa.gov/msl
For more information about a commercial application of the CheMin technology,
You can follow the mission on Facebook and Twitter
Guy Webster / D.C. Agle 818-354-5011
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
guy.webster@jpl.nasa.gov / agle@jpl.nasa.gov
Rachel Hoover 650-604-4789
NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif.
rachel.hoover@nasa.gov
Dwayne Brown 202-358-1726
NASA Headquarters, Washington
Dwayne.c.brown@nasa.gov
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
guy.webster@jpl.nasa.gov / agle@jpl.nasa.gov
Rachel Hoover 650-604-4789
NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif.
rachel.hoover@nasa.gov
Dwayne Brown 202-358-1726
NASA Headquarters, Washington
Dwayne.c.brown@nasa.gov
NASA
Guillermo Gonzalo Sánchez Achutegui
ayabaca@gmail.com
ayabaca@hotmail.com
ayabaca@yahoo.com
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