Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta ESA’s SMART-1 mission. Mostrar todas las entradas
Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta ESA’s SMART-1 mission. Mostrar todas las entradas

lunes, 26 de mayo de 2014

ESA : El polo Sur lunar salpicado de cráteres


A peppering of craters at the Moon’s south pole

El polo Sur lunar salpicado de cráteres

26 mayo 2014
Las regiones oscuras y sombrías de la Luna fascinan tanto a los astrónomos como a los fans de Pink Floyd. El eje de rotación de nuestro satélite natural se ha inclinado 1.5º, lo que significa que en sus polos hay puntos que nunca ven la luz del sol. El fondo de algunos cráteres, por ejemplo, siempre está en sombra. 
Esta imagen mosaico, obtenida con el instrumento Advanced Moon Imaging Experiment de la nave de la ESA SMART-1 , muestra una región salpicada de cráteres en el polo Sur lunar. Obtenida durante el verano del hemisferio sur lunar entre diciembre de 2005 y marzo de 2006, la imagen está compuesta por unas 40 fotos individuales que cubren un área de 500 x 150 km.
Los cráteres en la imagen son (de derecha a izquierda y a partir de la mayor forma circular): Amundsen, Faustini, Shoemaker, Shackleton y de Gerlache.
Amundsen, de 105 Km de diámetro, es el mayor del grupo, seguido de Shoemaker (50 km), Faustini (39 km), de Gerlache (32 km) y Shackleton (19 km). Todos los cráteres tienen características interesantes, y reciben cantidades distintas de luz solar.
El polo Sur lunar está en el borde del cráter Shackleton, el pequeño círculo visible a la izquierda del centro de la imagen. Los investigadores han demostrado que este cráter es más antiguo que la región donde aterrizó el módulo Apolo 15 (3.300 millones de años), pero más reciente que la escogida para el Apolo 14 (3.850 millones de años). 
El cráter Shoemaker, visible a la izquierda de la parte central, arriba, es donde se produjo en 1999 el impacto deliberado de la misión Lunar Prospector. El objetivo entonces era determinar la posible presencia de agua , que el calor generado en el choque habría transformado en una columna detectable de vapor de agua. Finalmente no se detectó vapor de agua, pero la posibilidad de que haya agua en la Luna no se ha descartado en absoluto: aún es posible que las regiones que llevan millones de años en permanente sombra alberguen hielo de agua procedente de cometas o asteroides.
El estudio de las oscuras profundidades de estos cráteres podría darnos mucha información no solo sobre la historia de la Luna, sino también sobre la Tierra; nos ayudarían a entender cuánta agua y materia orgánica han pasado de la Luna a la Tierra, y de qué manera.

A peppering of craters at the Moon’s south pole

 
VERSION ENGLISH
 
The dark and shadowed regions of the Moon fascinate astronomers and Pink Floyd fans alike. Our Moon’s rotation axis has a tilt of 1.5º, meaning that some parts of its polar regions never see sunlight – the bottoms of certain craters, for example, are always in shadow.
Imaged during summertime in the Moon’s southern hemisphere by the Advanced Moon Imaging Experiment on ESA’s SMART-1 spacecraft, this mosaic shows a crater-riddled region spanning the lunar south pole. It is made up of around 40 individual images taken between December 2005 and March 2006, and covers an area of about 500 x 150 km.
The craters visible here include (from right to left, starting with the largest round shape visible in the frame) the Amundsen, Faustini, Shoemaker, Shackleton and de Gerlache craters. Click here for an annotated map.
Amundsen is the largest of the bunch at 105 km across, followed by Shoemaker (50 km), Faustini (39 km), de Gerlache (32 km) and Shackleton (19 km). This group of craters all look different, see varying levels of sunlight and display a range of interesting properties.
Shackleton crater, the small circle visible to the left of centre, contains the south pole within its rim. By using SMART-1 images to explore the number of small impact craters scattered on the smooth, dark surface surrounding Shackleton, scientists have found this crater to be older than the Apollo 15 landing site (3.3 billion years), but younger than the Apollo 14 site (3.85 billion years).
Shoemaker crater, visible to the upper left of centre, is notable because of the 1999 Lunar Prospector mission, which deliberately crashed into the crater in an attempt to create a detectable plume of water vapour by heating any water ice that may have been present. No vapour was spotted. However, all is not lost; some permanently shadowed regions have been in the dark for millions of years, and it is still possible that they may contain water ice deposited by comets and water-rich asteroids.  
Studying the dark depths of these craters could tell us not just about the history of the Moon, but also about Earth, helping us to understand better how, and how much, water and organic material may have been transferred from the Moon to Earth over its history.

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Guillermo Gonzalo Sánchez Achutegui

lunes, 3 de septiembre de 2012

Astronomy: A smart way to impact the Moon


 A smart way to impact the Moon ended its journey in the Lake of Excellence at 34ºS / 46ºW at 05:42:22 GMT on 3 September 2006. The approximate impact site is indicated in the image, which is part of a much larger mosaic created during SMART-1’s final orbits of the Moon. The images were obtained by the Advanced Moon Imaging Experiment (AMIE). 
Credits: ESA/Space-X (Space Exploration Institute)

 On the morning of 3 September 2006, a brief flash illuminated the Moon’s ‘Lake of Excellence’ as ESA’s SMART-1 mission met its fate on the dusty surface.
Launched in 2003, SMART-1 was the first European spacecraft to travel to and orbit the Moon.
Short for Small Missions for Advanced Research in Technology, SMART-1 used ion propulsion to journey to the Moon, tested new techniques in communications and navigation, and carried a battery of miniaturised scientific instruments.
It completed a comprehensive inventory of key chemical elements in the lunar surface, mapped impact craters, studied the volcanic and tectonic processes that shaped the Moon, and investigated sites for future exploration.
Like many of its predecessors doomed by the laws of gravity, SMART-1 was always destined to meet its fate on the lunar surface.
Six years ago today, the satellite was deliberately crashed at the site circled in this image, which lies within a region known as the Lake of Excellence, located at mid-southern latitudes on the lunar near-side.
The image is part of a larger mosaic taken during the spacecraft’s final orbits of the Moon and captures a variety of geological features: volcanic plains, hills and impact craters of varying size.
SMART-1 likely struck the side of a hill at a low angle of 5–10 degrees and a speed of about 2 km/s.
Observatories around the world saw the resulting impact flash and cloud of dust thrown up by the impact.
Estimates suggest that SMART-1 left a crater 3–10 m wide and perhaps a metre deep. Using new high-resolution data, scientists hope to locate the impact crater.  
ESA
Guillermo Gonzalo Sánchez Achutegui
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