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miércoles, 18 de noviembre de 2015

NASA : 97B - North Indian Ocean .-

Hola amigos: A VUELO DE UN QUINDE EL BLOG., Durante la semana pasada extrema precipitaciones a partir de dos móviles áreas de baja presión tropicales lentas causado graves inundaciones en el sureste de la India. Uno de los puntos bajos, designado Sistema 97B continuaron persistir a lo largo de la costa sudeste de la India el 17 de noviembre como el sistema 97B y otra área de baja presión se redujo fuertes lluvias, la NASA y socios en todo el mundo se reunieron datos utilizando una serie de satélites.
Las inundaciones han causado tantos como 70 muertes. La ciudad de Chennai, en el estado de Tamil Nadu fueron golpeados excepcionalmente duro, como se informó de 59 personas asesinadas allí.

More information....

http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/97b-north-indian-ocean

NASA Measures India's Deadly Flooding Rains

During the past week extreme rainfall from two slow moving tropical low pressure areas caused severe flooding in southeastern India. One of the lows, designated System 97B continued to linger along the southeastern Indian coast on November 17. As System 97B and another low pressure area dropped heavy rainfall, NASA and partners around the world gathered data using an array of satellites.

The flooding has caused as many as 70 reported deaths. The city of Chennai in the state of Tamil Nadu were hit exceptionally hard, as 59 people were reported killed there.

An analysis of rainfall data from November 9 to 16, 2015 showed up to 550 mm (21.7 inches) of rain drenched India's southeastern coast in the state of Tamil Nadu. Over 200 mm (7.9 inches) fell in large areas of southeastern India and northern Sri Lanka.

Credits: NASA/JAXA/Hal Pierce

NASA's Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) combines all data from 12 satellites into a global map of rainfall at half hourly intervals. The rainfall accumulation analysis above was computed from data generated by IMERG during the past week from November 9 to 16, 2015. An analysis of those data indicates that during the past week up to 550 mm (21.7 inches) of rain drenched India's southeastern coast in the state of Tamil Nadu. Rainfall totals of over 200 mm (7.9 inches) were measured in large areas of southeastern India and northern Sri Lanka.

Credits: NASA/NOAA/NRL

The Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) creates a merged precipitation product from the GPM constellation of satellites. These satellites include: DMSP (Defense Mapping Satellite Program) satellites from the U.S. Department of Defense, GCOM-W from the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Megha-Tropiques from the Centre National D’etudies Spatiales (CNES) and Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), NOAA series from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Suomi-NPP from NOAA-NASA, and MetOps from the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT). All of the instruments (radiometers) onboard the constellation partners are inter-calibrated with information from the GPM Core Observatory’s GPM Microwave Imager (GMI) and Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR).

On November 16 at 1800 UTC (1 p.m. EST) System 97B was located just 55 nautical miles east of Chennai, India. It was centered near 13.2 degrees north latitude and 81.1 degrees east longitude.

On Nov. 17 at 7:32 UTC (2:32 a.m. EST) the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instrument aboard NASA-NOAA's Suomi NPP satellite captured a visible image of System 97B. The storm stretched over southwestern Bay of Bengal near and the northern coast of Tamil Nadu and southern Andhra Pradesh coast. The VIIRS image showed bands of thunderstorms wrapping from the northern quadrant into the southwestern quadrant. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center noted that computer models show that System 97B is expected to move in a northerly direction. Maximum sustained winds are estimated between 20 and 25 knots (23 to 28.7 mph/37 to 46.3 kph), and System 97B has a minimum central pressure near 1004 millibars.

The low pressure area continued to generate heavy rain in Tamil Nadu and at isolated places over south coastal Andhra Pradesh. For forecasts and updates from the Indian Meteorological Department, visit: http://www.imd.gov.in.

For more about NASA's Precipitation Measurement Missions, visit:

http://pmm.nasa.gov

Harold F. Pierce / Rob Gutro
SSAI/NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center

Last Updated: Nov. 17, 2015

Editor: Lynn Jenner

Tags: GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement), Hazards, Hurricanes, Suomi NPP (National Polar-orbiting Partnership),

NASA

Guillermo Gonzalo Sánchez Achutegui

ayabaca@gmail.com

ayabaca@yahoo.com

ayabaca@hotmail.com

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NASA : 27W - Northwestern Pacific Ocean .- 27W - Noroeste del Océano Pacífico

Hola amigos: A VUELO DE UN QUINDE EL BLOG., La tormenta tropical 27W fue captada en una imagen de luz visible del instrumento VIIRS bordo Suomi NPP satélite de la NASA-NOAA, el 17 de noviembre a las 0224 GMT (16 de noviembre a las 9:24 pm hora del este). La imagen VIIRS mostró el centro de bajo nivel de la circulación siguió consolidando. Bandas anchas de tormentas eléctricas en el cuadrante sur de la tormenta fueron terminando en el lado oriental de la tormenta.

More information....

http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/27w-northwestern-pacific-ocean

NASA Sees Tropical Storm 27W Form in Marianas Islands, Warnings Up

The tropical low pressure area previously known as System 95W consolidated and was classified as a Tropical Depression 27W on November 17, 2015. The Suomi NPP satellite captured a view of the strengthening storm as warnings were posted in Micronesia.

The VIIRS instrument aboard NASA-NOAA's Suomi NPP satellite saw Tropical Storm 27W on Nov. 17, as wide bands of thunderstorms in the southern quadrant of the storm were wrapping into the eastern side.

Credits: NASA/NOAA/NRL

Tropical Storm 27W was captured in a visible-light image from the VIIRS instrument aboard NASA-NOAA's Suomi NPP satellite on Nov. 17 at 0224 UTC (Nov. 16 at 9:24 p.m. EST). The VIIRS image showed the low-level center of circulation continued to consolidate. Wide bands of thunderstorms in the southern quadrant of the storm were wrapping into the eastern side of the storm.

At 1200 UTC (7 a.m. EST) on November 17, a tropical storm warning was in effect for Sapwuafik, Micronesia. Tropical storm force winds of 39 to 73 mph are expected within 24 hours. A tropical storm watch remains in effect for Pohnpei, Nukuoro and Pakin in Pohnpei State. These islands are part of the Federated States of Micronesia. A tropical storm watch is also in effect for Lukunor, Losap, Chuuk and Fananu in Chuuk state. A tropical storm warning means that tropical storm force winds of 39 to 73 mph are possible within 24 to 48 hours.

At 1200 UTC (7 a.m. EST) on November 17 (10 p.m. CHST (Guam) local time on Nov. 16) the center of tropical storm 27W was located by satellite near latitude 4.7 degrees north and longitude 159.8 degrees east. That's about 190 miles southeast of Pohnpei and Pakin and about 185 miles east-southeast of Sapwuafik.

27W was moving west-northwest at 18 mph. Tropical storm 27W is expected to continue on this track over the next 24 to 48 hours. Maximum sustained winds have increased to 40 mph. Tropical storm force winds extend outward up to 30 miles from the center.

The Joint Typhoon Warning Center forecast takes the tropical cyclone on a west-northwestward path passing Pohnpei, Fananu and Chuuk before intensifying to typhoon-force. The forecast calls for Tropical Cyclone 27W to be at typhoon-force as it is expected to pass just south of Guam on November 21. For local warnings and watches for Guam and the Marianas, visit NOAA's National Weather Service office in Tiyan, Guam:

http://www.prh.noaa.gov/guam/.

Rob Gutro
NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center

Last Updated: Nov. 17, 2015

Editor: Lynn Jenner

Tags: Hazards, Hurricanes, Suomi NPP (National Polar-orbiting Partnership),

NASA

Guillermo Gonzalo Sánchez Achutegui

ayabaca@gmail.com

ayabaca@hotmail.com

ayabaca@yahooc.om

Inscríbete en el Foro del blog y participa : A Vuelo De Un Quinde - El Foro!

domingo, 25 de octubre de 2015

NASA | Widely Used Coolants Contribute to Ozone Depletion .- Refrigerantes ampliamente utilizados contribuyen al agotamiento del ozono

This narrated video provides an overview of the study findings and features NASA scientist Margaret Hurwitz.

Credits: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center

Download this video in HD formats from NASA Goddard's Scientific Visualization Studio

NASA Study Shows That Common Coolants Contribute to Ozone Depletion

Estudio de la NASA muestra que Refrigerantes comunes contribuyen al agotamiento del ozono

A class of widely used chemical coolants known as hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) contributes to ozone depletion by a small but measurable amount, countering a decades-old assumption, according to a new NASA study.

The paper, published Oct. 22 in Geophysical Research Letters, a journal of the American Geophysical Union, is based on the results of a NASA-derived atmospheric chemistry climate model that projected the impacts of HFC gases on the atmosphere by the year 2050.

The ozone layer comprises a belt of ozone molecules located primarily in the lower stratosphere. It is responsible for absorbing most of the sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation before it reaches Earth’s surface. Research in the 1990s showed that HFCs, which have replaced more powerful ozone-depleting chemical coolants in recent years, destroy a negligible amount of ozone. But that conclusion was reached by examining only the gases’ ability to break down ozone molecules through chemical reactions that take place following the breakdown of these molecules in the atmosphere.

The new study, which focused on the five types of HFCs expected to contribute the most to global warming in 2050, found that the gases indirectly contribute to ozone depletion. HFC emissions cause increased warming of the stratosphere, speeding up the chemical reactions that destroy ozone molecules, and they also decrease ozone levels in the tropics by accelerating the upward movement of ozone-poor air. According to the model, their impact is such that HFCs will cause a 0.035 percent decrease in ozone by 2050.

A global representation of the projected impacts of hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) on ozone levels at the various latitudes in 2050. The small but measurable amount of ozone loss is quantified in Dobson units, the most common unit for measuring ozone concentration. Over Earth’s surface, the ozone layer’s average thickness is about 300 Dobson units, or three millimeters.

Credits: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center

HFCs’ contribution to ozone depletion is small compared to its predecessors. For example, trichlorofluoromethane, or CFC-11, a once common coolant that is no longer used, causes about 400 times more ozone depletion per unit mass than HFCs.

“We’re not suggesting HFCs are an existential threat to the ozone layer or to ozone hole recovery, but the impact isn’t zero as has been claimed,” said lead author Margaret Hurwitz, an atmospheric scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. “HFCs are, in fact, weak ozone-depleting substances.”

In the study, scientists also found that HFCs have a nearly linear impact on stratospheric temperature and ozone change. For example, reducing HFC emissions by 50 percent would decrease the ozone change by a comparable amount. Such a direct relationship will prove useful for evaluating the impacts of emerging HFCs, Hurwitz said. “We can provide policy makers with an estimate of the stratospheric impacts of new HFC gases.”

HFCs have been adopted as replacements for chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC) in refrigerators and in home and automobile air conditioners. CFCs were largely responsible for the ozone depletion first observed by scientists in the 1980s, most notably the ozone hole above Antarctica, which continues today. CFC molecules contain chlorine atoms, and each atom can destroy thousands of ozone molecules. Under the auspices of the Montreal Protocol treaty signed in 1987, CFCs were officially phased out of production worldwide in 2010.

While HCFCs contain chlorine atoms, they are less damaging to the ozone layer because they also contain hydrogen atoms, which causes them to break down in the atmosphere faster. HCFCs are currently being phased out in favor of HFCs, which do not contain chlorine.

The study adds nuance to the discussion around HFCs and their full impact on the ozone, according to David Fahey, a research physicist and director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Earth Systems Research Laboratory, who was not involved in the study.

“What the paper demonstrates is that when you put this much of an infrared radiation-absorbing material in the stratosphere, even though it nominally does not destroy ozone in the same way that mainline ODSs [ozone-depleting substances] do, it’s going to make a difference—it’s going to start changing things,” Fahey said. “It adds a new dimension of thinking that stratospheric scientists need to be aware of as they discuss these matters with policy makers.”

While HFCs are only weak ozone-depleting substances, they are, like CFCs and HCFCs, strong greenhouse gases. If production trends continue, projections show that, by 2050, the amount of global warming by all HFCs could be as large as 20 percent that of carbon dioxide.

Work is also underway to analyze the HFC impacts on surface climate. “We’ve taken a major step towards understanding the effect of HFCs on the stratosphere and the ozone layer,” said Paul Newman, a co-author on the paper and chief scientist for Earth sciences at Goddard. “Our next step is to use a more complex type of model so we can begin to look at the impact of these compounds on land and ocean temperature, rainfall and sea ice.”

Related Link

Samson Reiny
NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
samson.k.reiny@nasa.gov
301-286-3854

Last Updated: Oct. 22, 2015

Editor: Rob Garner