Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope. Mostrar todas las entradas
Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope. Mostrar todas las entradas

domingo, 21 de mayo de 2017

NASA : Detectan una Atmósfera Inesperadamente Primitiva Rodeando a un “Neptuno Cálido”

http://www.lanasa.net/

https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/nasa-study-finds-unexpectedly-primitive-atmosphere-around-warm-neptune a vuelo

13.05.17.- Un estudio que combina observaciones de los telescopios espaciales Hubble y Spitzer de la NAA ha revelado que el lejano planeta HAT-P-26b posee una atmósfera primitiva compuesta casi por competo de hidrógeno y helio. Situado a 437 años luz de distancia, HAT-P-26b orbita una estrellas que es el doble de vieja que el Sol.
El análisis es uno de los estudios más detallados hasta la fecha de un “Neptuno cálido,” un planeta que tiene el tamaño de Neptuno y se encuentra cerca de su estrella. Los investigadores determinaron que la atmósfera de HAT-P-26b está relativamente libre de nubes y posee una fuerte indicación de agua, aunque el planeta no sea un mundo de agua. Se trata de la mejor medición hasta la fecha de agua en un exoplaneta de este tamaño.
El descubrimiento de una atmósfera con esta composición en este exoplaneta tiene consecuencias sobre lo que piensan los científicos acerca del nacimiento y desarrollo de los sistemas planetarios. Comparado con Neptuno y Urano, los planetas de nuestro Sistema Solar con una masa similar, HAT-P-26b probablemente se formó más cerca de su estrella nodriza o más tarde en el desarrollo de su sistema planetario, o ambos.
“Los astrónomos han comenzado a investigar las atmósferas de estos distantes planetas con la masa de Neptuno, y casi de inmediato, hemos encontrado un ejemplo que va en contra de la tendencia de nuestro sistema solar”, dijo Hannah Wakeford, investigador postdoctoral en el Centro de Vuelo Espacial Goddard de la NASA en Greenbelt, Maryland, y autor principal del estudio publicado el 12 Mayo de 2017 en la revista Science. “Este tipo de resultado inesperado es la razón por que realmente me gusta explorar las atmósferas de planetas alienígenas.”
Para estudiar la atmósfera de HAT-P-26b, los investigadores utilizaron datos de tránsitos - cuando el planeta pasa por delante de su estrella anfitriona. Durante un tránsito, una fracción de la luz estelar se filtra a través de la atmósfera del planeta, que absorbe algunas longitudes de onda de la luz, pero no otras. Observando cómo las firmas de luz de las estrellas cambian como resultado de este filtrado, los investigadores pueden trabajar hacia atrás para averiguar la composición química de la atmósfera.
En este caso, el equipo agrupó los datos de cuatro tránsitos medidos por el Hubble y dos vistos por Spitzer. Juntas, estas observaciones cubrieron una amplia gama de longitudes de onda de la luz amarilla a través de la región del infrarrojo cercano.
Como el estudio proporcionó una medida precisa del agua, los investigadores han podido utilizarla para estimar lo rico que es el planeta en elementos “metálicos”, es decir, más pesados que el hidrógeno y el helio, lo que a su vez indica cómo se formó el planeta.
Para comparar los planetas por sus metalicidades, los científicos utilizan el Sol como un punto de referencia, casi como describir cuánto bebidas tienen cafeína comparándolas con una taza de café. Júpiter tiene una metalicidad alrededor de 2 a 5 veces la del Sol. La de Saturno es aproximadamente 10 veces más que la del Sol. Estos valores relativamente bajos significan que los dos gigantes de gas están compuestos casi por completo de hidrógeno y helio.
Los gigantes de hielo Neptuno y Urano son más pequeños que los gigantes de gas pero más ricos en elementos más pesados, con metalicidades de alrededor de 100 veces la del Sol. Por lo tanto, para los cuatro planetas exteriores de nuestro sistema solar, la tendencia es que las metalicidades son más bajas para los planetas más grandes.
Los científicos creen que esto sucedió porque, cuando el sistema solar fue tomando forma, Neptuno y Urano se formaron en una región hacia las afueras de un enorme disco de polvo, gas y escombros que se arremolinaba alrededor del sol inmaduro. Resumiendo el complicado proceso de formación planetaria en pocas palabras: Neptuno y Urano habrían sido bombardeados con un montón de escombros helados que eran ricos en elementos más pesados. Júpiter y Saturno, que se formaron en una parte más caliente del disco, se habrían encontrado con menos de los restos helados.
Dos planetas más allá de nuestro sistema solar también se ajustan a esta tendencia. Uno de ellos es el planeta con la masa de Neptuno HAT-P-11b. El otro es WASP-43b, un gigante de gas dos veces más masivo que Júpiter.
Pero Wakeford y sus colegas descubrieron que HAT-P-26b rompe esa tendencia. Determinaron que su metalicidad es de sólo 4,8 veces la del Sol, mucho más cercano al valor de Júpiter que de Neptuno.
“Este análisis demuestra que hay mucha más diversidad en las atmósferas de estos exoplanetas de lo que esperábamos, lo que nos da una idea de cómo los planetas pueden formarse y evolucionar de manera diferente en nuestro sistema solar”, dijo David K. Sing de la Universidad de Exeter y segundo autor del artículo.

La atmósfera de un lejano “Neptuno cálido” HAT-P-26b, ilustrado aquí, es inesperadamente primitiva, compuesta principalmente por hidrógeno y helio. Image Credit: NASA/GSFC

ENGLISH VERSION:

NASA Study Finds Unexpectedly Primitive Atmosphere Around ‘Warm Neptune’ 


Illustration of the atmosphere of 'Warm Neptune'
The atmosphere of the distant “warm Neptune” HAT-P-26b, illustrated here, is unexpectedly primitive, composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. By combining observations from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer space telescopes, researchers determined that, unlike Neptune and Uranus, the exoplanet has relatively low metallicity, an indication of the how rich the planet is in all elements heavier than hydrogen and helium.
Credits: NASA/GSFC

A study combining observations from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer space telescopes reveals that the distant planet HAT-P-26b has a primitive atmosphere composed almost entirely of hydrogen and helium. Located about 437 light years away, HAT-P-26b orbits a star roughly twice as old as the sun.

The analysis is one of the most detailed studies to date of a “warm Neptune,” or a planet that is Neptune-sized and close to its star. The researchers determined that HAT-P-26b’s atmosphere is relatively clear of clouds and has a strong water signature, although the planet is not a water world. This is the best measurement of water to date on an exoplanet of this size.

The discovery of an atmosphere with this composition on this exoplanet has implications for how scientists think about the birth and development of planetary systems. Compared to Neptune and Uranus, the planets in our solar system with about the same mass, HAT-P-26b likely formed either closer to its host star or later in the development of its planetary system, or both.

“Astronomers have just begun to investigate the atmospheres of these distant Neptune-mass planets, and almost right away, we found an example that goes against the trend in our solar system,” said Hannah Wakeford, a postdoctoral researcher at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, and lead author of the study published in the May 12, 2017, issue of Science. “This kind of unexpected result is why I really love exploring the atmospheres of alien planets.”

To study HAT-P-26b’s atmosphere, the researchers used data from transits— occasions when the planet passed in front of its host star. During a transit, a fraction of the starlight gets filtered through the planet’s atmosphere, which absorbs some wavelengths of light but not others. By looking at how the signatures of the starlight change as a result of this filtering, researchers can work backward to figure out the chemical composition of the atmosphere.

In this case, the team pooled data from four transits measured by Hubble and two seen by Spitzer. Together, those observations covered a wide range of wavelengths from yellow light through the near-infrared region.

“To have so much information about a warm Neptune is still rare, so analyzing these data sets simultaneously is an achievement in and of itself,” said co-author Tiffany Kataria of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.

Because the study provided a precise measurement of water, the researchers were able to use the water signature to estimate HAT-P-26b’s metallicity. Astronomers calculate the metallicity, an indication of how rich the planet is in all elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, because it gives them clues about how a planet formed.

To compare planets by their metallicities, scientists use the sun as a point of reference, almost like describing how much caffeine beverages have by comparing them to a cup of coffee. Jupiter has a metallicity about 2 to 5 times that of the sun. For Saturn, it’s about 10 times as much as the sun. These relatively low values mean that the two gas giants are made almost entirely of hydrogen and helium.

The ice giants Neptune and Uranus are smaller than the gas giants but richer in the heavier elements, with metallicities of about 100 times that of the sun. So, for the four outer planets in our solar system, the trend is that the metallicities are lower for the bigger planets.

Scientists think this happened because, as the solar system was taking shape, Neptune and Uranus formed in a region toward the outskirts of the enormous disk of dust, gas and debris that swirled around the immature sun. Summing up the complicated process of planetary formation in a nutshell: Neptune and Uranus would have been bombarded with a lot of icy debris that was rich in heavier elements. Jupiter and Saturn, which formed in a warmer part of the disk, would have encountered less of the icy debris.

Two planets beyond our solar system also fit this trend. One is the Neptune-mass planet HAT-P-11b. The other is WASP-43b, a gas giant twice as massive as Jupiter.

But Wakeford and her colleagues found that HAT-P-26b bucks the trend. They determined its metallicity is only about 4.8 times that of the sun, much closer to the value for Jupiter than for Neptune.

“This analysis shows that there is a lot more diversity in the atmospheres of these exoplanets than we were expecting, which is providing insight into how planets can form and evolve differently than in our solar system,” said David K. Sing of the University of Exeter and the second author of the paper. “I would say that has been a theme in the studies of exoplanets: Researchers keep finding surprising diversity.”

The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between NASA and ESA (European Space Agency). NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, manages the telescope. The Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) in Baltimore conducts Hubble science operations. STScI is operated for NASA by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., in Washington.

NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, manages the Spitzer Space Telescope for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington. Science operations are conducted at the Spitzer Science Center at Caltech in Pasadena. Spacecraft operations are based at Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company, Littleton, Colorado. Data are archived at the Infrared Science Archive housed at the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center at Caltech. Caltech manages JPL for NASA.
For more information about Spitzer, visit:


For images and more information about Hubble, visit:

http://www.nasa.gov/hubble

Last Updated: May 12, 2017
Editor: Karl Hille

NASA
Guillermo Gonzalo Sánchez Achutegui
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miércoles, 22 de febrero de 2017

NASA : Descubren Siete Planetas como la Tierra Alrededor de la Zona Habitable de su Estrella. ESO : La enana ultrafría y los siete planetas.....

Hola amigos: A VUELO DE UN QUINDE EL BLOG., con gran beneplácito, compartimos la información de NASA y del Observatorio Austral Europeo ESO, el descubrimiento de siete exo planetas que giran(orbitan) alrededor de la estrella enana ultrafría conocida como  TRAPPIST-1, y astronómicamente como :  ,  el trabajo científico astronómico es maravilloso para los que creemos y aceptamos la vida extraterrestre, si como dice NASA, tres de estos exo planetas tienen la probabilidad de tener agua y si tienen el líquido elemento se supone que son rocosos, nos da la seguridad que existe algún indicio de vida.
NASA, tiene un telescopio espacial Kepler, específicamente dedicado a detectar alguna forma de vida en la Zona de habitabilidad Galáctica de la Galaxia Vía Láctea, que comprende en las Constelaciones El Cisne y Lira; sin embargo este descubrimiento de la Estrella Enana superfría se encuentra en la Constelación Acuario.
ESO, dice: "La estrella enana ultrafría TRAPPIST-1 en la Constelación de Acuario,........ En este mapa se muestran las estrellas que podemos ver a simple vista en una noche oscura y despejada en la extensa constelación de Acuario (El aguador). Se ha marcado la posición de la estrella enana ultrafría TRAPPIST-1, débil y muy roja. Aunque está relativamente cerca del Sol es muy débil y no es visible con telescopios pequeños....."
NASA, nos dice: "22.02.17.- Los astrónomos han descubierto un sistema de siete planetas del tamaño de la Tierra a sólo 40 años luz de distancia. Utilizando telescopios basados en tierra y en el espacio, incluyendo el VLT (Very Large Telescope) de ESO, todos los planetas fueron detectados cuando pasaban delante de su estrella, la estrella enana ultrafría conocida como TRAPPIST-1. Según el artículo que aparece hoy en la revista Nature, tres de los planetas se encuentran en la zona habitable y podrían albergar océanos de agua en sus superficies, aumentando la posibilidad de que el sistema pudiese acoger vida. Este sistema encontrado tiene tanto el mayor número de planetas del tamaño de la Tierra como el mayor número de mundos que podrían contar con agua líquida en sus superficies...."
 
Por favor lea abajo amplia información......

http://www.eso.org/public/spain/news/eso1706/
http://www.ngenespanol.com/ciencia/el-espacio/17/02/21/nasa-convoco-a-una-rueda-de-prensa-extraordinaria/
http://www.lanasa.net/

Hallados mundos templados similares a la Tierra en un sistema planetario extraordinariamente rico

22 de Febrero de 2017

lunes, 3 de octubre de 2016

NASA : 'Pandora's Cluster' Seen by Spitzer .- 'Racimo de Pandora' Visto por el Telescopio Espacial Spitzer

http://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/jpl/pia20920/pandoras-cluster-seen-by-spitzer

The Frontier Fields: Where Primordial Galaxies Lurk      
This image of galaxy cluster Abell 2744, also called Pandora's Cluster, was taken by the Spitzer Space Telescope. The gravity of this galaxy cluster is strong enough that it acts as a lens to magnify images of more distant background galaxies. This technique is called gravitational lensing.

The fuzzy blobs in this Spitzer image are the massive galaxies at the core of this cluster, but astronomers will be poring over the images in search of the faint streaks of light created where the cluster magnifies a distant background galaxy.

The cluster is also being studied by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope and Chandra X-Ray Observatory in a collaboration called the Frontier Fields project. Hubble's image of Abell 2744 can be seen here.

In this image, light from Spitzer's infrared channels is colored blue at 3.6 microns and green at 4.5 microns.
JPL manages the Spitzer Space Telescope mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington. Science operations are conducted at the Spitzer Science Center at Caltech in Pasadena, California. Spacecraft operations are based at Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company, Littleton, Colorado. Data are archived at the Infrared Science Archive housed at the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center at Caltech. Caltech manages JPL for NASA.
For more information about Spitzer, visit:
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Last Updated: Sept. 28, 2016
Editor: Martin Perez
NASA
Guillermo Gonzalo Sánchez Achutegui
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domingo, 1 de mayo de 2016

NASA : Light Echoes Used to Study Protoplanetary Disks .- Los ecos de luz utilizado para estudiar los discos protoplanetarios

Hola amigos: A VUELO DE UN QUINDE EL BLOG., la Agencia Espacial NASA, nos informa sobre : "Un nuevo estudio publicado en la revista Astrophysical Journal utiliza los datos del telescopio espacial Spitzer de la NASA y cuatro telescopios terrestres para determinar la distancia de una estrella hasta el borde interno de su disco protoplanetario que rodea. Los investigadores utilizaron un método llamado "foto-reverberación," también conocido como "ecos de luz." Cuando la estrella central ilumina, algo de la luz golpea el disco circundante, causando un retraso "eco". Los científicos midieron el tiempo necesario para que la luz que viene directamente de la estrella para llegar a la Tierra, y luego esperó a que su eco en llegar............"
More information...........

This illustration shows a star surrounded by a protoplanetary disk
A new study published in the Astrophysical Journal uses data from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope and four ground-based telescopes to determine the distance from a star to the inner rim of its surrounding protoplanetary disk. Researchers used a method called "photo-reverberation," also known as "light echoes." When the central star brightens, some of the light hits the surrounding disk, causing a delayed “echo.” Scientists measured the time it took for light coming directly from the star to reach Earth, then waited for its echo to arrive.
 
The Spitzer study marks the first time the light echo method was used in the context of protoplanetary disks.
 
This illustration shows a star surrounded by a protoplanetary disk. Material from the thick disk flows along the star’s magnetic field lines and is deposited onto the star’s surface. When material hits the star, it lights up brightly.
Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Last Updated: April 26, 2016
Editor: Sarah Loff
NASA
Guillermo Gonzalo Sánchez Achutegui
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domingo, 3 de abril de 2016

NASA : NASA’s Spitzer Maps Climate Patterns on a Super-Earth .- Mapas de los patrones climáticos del Telescopio Spitzer de la NASA de un Super Planeta

Hola amigos. A VUELO DE UN QUINDE EL BLOG., Observaciones del telescopio espacial Spitzer de la NASA han llevado al primer mapa de temperatura de un planeta súper-Tierra - un planeta rocoso casi dos veces más grande que la nuestra. El mapa revela cambios de temperatura extremos de un lado del planeta a la otra, y sugiere que una posible razón de esto es la presencia de flujos de lava.
More information.......

The varying brightness of an exoplanet called 55 Cancri e is shown in this plot of infrared data
The varying brightness of an exoplanet called 55 Cancri e is shown in this plot of infrared data captured by NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope.
Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Cambridge
 
Observations from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope have led to the first temperature map of a super-Earth planet -- a rocky planet nearly two times as big as ours. The map reveals extreme temperature swings from one side of the planet to the other, and hints that a possible reason for this is the presence of lava flows.
 

This animated illustration shows one possible scenario for the rocky exoplanet 55 Cancri e
This animated illustration shows one possible scenario for the rocky exoplanet 55 Cancri e, nearly two times the size of Earth. New Spitzer data show that one side of the planet is much hotter than the other – which could be explained by a possible presence of lava pools.
Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech
 
"Our view of this planet keeps evolving," said Brice Olivier Demory of the University of Cambridge, England, lead author of a new report appearing in the March 30 issue of the journal Nature. "The latest findings tell us the planet has hot nights and significantly hotter days. This indicates the planet inefficiently transports heat around the planet. We propose this could be explained by an atmosphere that would exist only on the day side of the planet, or by lava flows at the planet surface."

The toasty super-Earth 55 Cancri e is relatively close to Earth at 40 light-years away. It orbits very close to its star, whipping around it every 18 hours. Because of the planet's proximity to the star, it is tidally locked by gravity just as our moon is to Earth. That means one side of 55 Cancri, referred to as the day side, is always cooking under the intense heat of its star, while the night side remains in the dark and is much cooler.

"Spitzer observed the phases of 55 Cancri e, similar to the phases of the moon as seen from the Earth. We were able to observe the first, last quarters, new and full phases of this small exoplanet," said Demory. "In return, these observations helped us build a map of the planet. This map informs us which regions are hot on the planet."

Spitzer stared at the planet with its infrared vision for a total of 80 hours, watching it orbit all the way around its star multiple times. These data allowed scientists to map temperature changes across the entire planet. To their surprise, they found a dramatic temperature difference of 2,340 degrees Fahrenheit (1,300 Kelvin) from one side of the planet to the other. The hottest side is nearly 4,400 degrees Fahrenheit (2,700 Kelvin), and the coolest is 2,060 degrees Fahrenheit (1,400 Kelvin).

The fact Spitzer found the night side to be significantly colder than the day side means heat is not being distributed around the planet very well. The data argues against the notion that a thick atmosphere and winds are moving heat around the planet as previously thought. Instead, the findings suggest a planet devoid of a massive atmosphere, and possibly hint at a lava world where the lava would become hardened on the night side and unable to transport heat.

"The day side could possibly have rivers of lava and big pools of extremely hot magma, but we think the night side would have solidified lava flows like those found in Hawaii," said Michael Gillon, University of Liège, Belgium.

The Spitzer data also revealed the hottest spot on the planet has shifted over a bit from where it was expected to be: directly under the blazing star. This shift either indicates some degree of heat recirculation confined to the day side, or points to surface features with extremely high temperatures, such as lava flows.
Additional observations, including from NASA's upcoming James Webb Space Telescope, will help to confirm the true nature of 55 Cancri e.

The new Spitzer observations of 55 Cancri are more detailed thanks to the telescope’s increased sensitivity to exoplanets. Over the past several years, scientists and engineers have figured out new ways to enhance Spitzer’s ability to measure changes in the brightness of exoplanet systems. One method involves precisely characterizing Spitzer’s detectors, specifically measuring “the sweet spot” -- a single pixel on the detector -- which was determined to be optimal for exoplanet studies.

“By understanding the characteristics of the instrument -- and using novel calibration techniques of a small region of a single pixel -- we are attempting to eke out every bit of science possible from a detector that was not designed for this type of high-precision observation,” said Jessica Krick of NASA’s Spitzer Space Science Center, at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.

NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California, manages the Spitzer Space Telescope mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington. Science operations are conducted at the Spitzer Science Center. Spacecraft operations are based at Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company, Littleton, Colorado. Data are archived at the Infrared Science Archive housed at the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center at Caltech. Caltech manages JPL for NASA.

For more information about Spitzer, visit:


-end-
Felicia Chou
Headquarters, Washington
202-358-0257
felicia.chou@nasa.gov

Whitney Clavin
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
818-354-4673
whitney.clavin@jpl.nasa.gov
Last Updated: March 30, 2016
Editor: Sarah Ramsey
NASA
Guillermo Gonzalo Sánchez Achutegui
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viernes, 1 de abril de 2016

NASA : Simulated Atmosphere of a Hot Gas Giant .- Ambiente simulado de un gigante HD 80606b de gas caliente

Hola amigos: A VUELO DE UN QUINDE EL BLOG., La turbulenta atmósfera de un planeta caliente, gaseoso conocido como HD 80606b se muestra en esta simulación basada en los datos del telescopio espacial Spitzer de la NASA. El planeta pasa la mayor parte de su tiempo lejos de su estrella, pero cada 111 días, se balancea muy cerca de la estrella, experimentando una explosión masiva de calor. Spitzer midió todo el ciclo de calentamiento de este planeta, la determinación de sus más frescas (menos de 400 grados Fahrenheit) y más caliente (2.000 grados Fahrenheit) temperaturas.
More information.............

Simulated Atmosphere of a Hot Gas Giant
The turbulent atmosphere of a hot, gaseous planet known as HD 80606b is shown in this simulation based on data from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope. The planet spends most of its time far away from its star, but every 111 days, it swings extremely close to the star, experiencing a massive burst of heat. Spitzer measured the whole heating cycle of this planet, determining its coolest (less than 400 degrees Fahrenheit) and hottest (2,000 degrees Fahrenheit) temperatures.
Image Credit: NASA/JPL-CalTech
Last Updated: March 28, 2016
Editor: Martin Perez
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domingo, 19 de abril de 2015

NASA : The Solar System and Beyond is Awash in Water .- El Sistema Solar y más allá está inundado de agua

Hola amigos: A VUELO DE UN QUINDE EL BLOG., hemos recibido la información de la Agencia Espacial NASA, quien nos dice que el Sistema Solar y allende el espacio está inundado de agua. NASA, nos dice: Como misiones de la NASA a explorar nuestro sistema solar y la búsqueda de nuevos mundos, que están encontrando agua en lugares sorprendentes. El agua no es más que una pieza de nuestra búsqueda de planetas habitables y la vida fuera de la Tierra, sin embargo, que vincula muchas palabras aparentemente no relacionadas de manera sorprendente.
"Las actividades de ciencia de la NASA han proporcionado una ola de descubrimientos asombrosos relacionados con el agua en los últimos años que nos inspiran a seguir investigando los orígenes y las fascinantes posibilidades de otros mundos, y la vida en el universo", dijo Ellen Stofan, jefe científico de la agencia . "En nuestra vida, podemos muy bien finalmente responder si estamos solos en el sistema solar y más allá."

Artist's concept of our universe
NASA is exploring our solar system and beyond to understand the workings of the universe, searching for water and life among the stars
Credits: NASA
As NASA missions explore our solar system and search for new worlds, they are finding water in surprising places. Water is but one piece of our search for habitable planets and life beyond Earth, yet it links many seemingly unrelated worlds in surprising ways.
"NASA science activities have provided a wave of amazing findings related to water in recent years that inspire us to continue investigating our origins and the fascinating possibilities for other worlds, and life, in the universe," said Ellen Stofan, chief scientist for the agency. "In our lifetime, we may very well finally answer whether we are alone in the solar system and beyond."
 
La Tierra no es el único mundo océano en nuestro sistema solar. Los océanos podrían existir en diversas formas en las lunas y planetas enanos, ofrecer pistas a la búsqueda para descubrir la vida más allá de nuestro planeta. Esta ilustración representa a los candidatos más conocidos en nuestra búsqueda de vida en el sistema solar.
 
This illustration depicts the best-known candidates in our search for life in the solar system
Earth isn't the only ocean world in our solar system. Oceans could exist in diverse forms on moons and dwarf planets, offering clues in the quest to discover life beyond our home planet. This illustration depicts the best known candidates in our search for life in the solar system.
 
 
 
 
Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech
 
 
 
The chemical elements in water, hydrogen and oxygen, are some of the most abundant elements in the universe. Astronomers see the signature of water in giant molecular clouds between the stars, in disks of material that represent newborn planetary systems, and in the atmospheres of giant planets orbiting other stars.
There are several worlds thought to possess liquid water beneath their surfaces, and many more that have water in the form of ice or vapor. Water is found in primitive bodies like comets and asteroids, and dwarf planets like Ceres. The atmospheres and interiors of the four giant planets -- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune -- are thought to contain enormous quantities of the wet stuff, and their moons and rings have substantial water ice.
Perhaps the most surprising water worlds are the five icy moons of Jupiter and Saturn that show strong evidence of oceans beneath their surfaces: Ganymede, Europa and Callisto at Jupiter, and Enceladus and Titan at Saturn.
Scientists using NASA's Hubble Space Telescope recently provided powerful evidence that Ganymede has a saltwater, sub-surface ocean, likely sandwiched between two layers of ice.
Europa and Enceladus are thought to have an ocean of liquid water beneath their surface in contact with mineral-rich rock, and may have the three ingredients needed for life as we know it: liquid water, essential chemical elements for biological processes, and sources of energy that could be used by living things. NASA's Cassini mission has revealed Enceladus as an active world of icy geysers. Recent research suggests it may have hydrothermal activity on its ocean floor, an environment potentially suitable for living organisms.
NASA spacecraft have also found signs of water in permanently shadowed craters on Mercury and our moon, which hold a record of icy impacts across the ages like cryogenic keepsakes.
While our solar system may seem drenched in some places, others seem to have lost large amounts of water.
On Mars, NASA spacecraft have found clear evidence that the Red Planet had water on its surface for long periods in the distant past. NASA's Curiosity Mars Rover discovered an ancient streambed that existed amidst conditions favorable for life as we know it.
More recently, NASA scientists using ground-based telescopes were able to estimate the amount of water Mars has lost over the eons. They concluded the planet once had enough liquid water to form an ocean occupying almost half of Mars' northern hemisphere, in some regions reaching depths greater than a mile (1.6 kilometers). But where did the water go?
It's clear some of it is in the Martian polar ice caps and below the surface. We also think much of Mars' early atmosphere was stripped away by the wind of charged particles that streams from the sun, causing the planet to dry out. NASA's MAVEN mission is hard at work following this lead from its orbit around Mars.
The story of how Mars dried out is intimately connected to how the Red Planet's atmosphere interacts with the solar wind. Data from the agency's solar missions -- including STEREO, Solar Dynamics Observatory and the planned Solar Probe Plus -- are vital to helping us better understand what happened.
Understanding the distribution of water in our solar system tells us a great deal about how the planets, moons, comets and other bodies formed 4.5 billion years ago from the disk of gas and dust that surrounded our sun. The space closer to the sun was hotter and drier than the space farther from the sun, which was cold enough for water to condense. The dividing line, called the "frost line," sat around Jupiter's present-day orbit. Even today, this is the approximate distance from the sun at which the ice on most comets begins to melt and become "active." Their brilliant spray releases water ice, vapor, dust and other chemicals, which are thought to form the bedrock of most worlds of the frigid outer solar system.
Scientists think it was too hot in the solar system's early days for water to condense into liquid or ice on the inner planets, so it had to be delivered -- possibly by comets and water-bearing asteroids. NASA's Dawn mission is currently studying Ceres, which is the largest body in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Researchers think Ceres might have a water-rich composition similar to some of the bodies that brought water to the three rocky, inner planets, including Earth.
The amount of water in the giant planet Jupiter holds a critical missing piece to the puzzle of our solar system's formation. Jupiter was likely the first planet to form, and it contains most of the material that wasn't incorporated into the sun. The leading theories about its formation rest on the amount of water the planet soaked up. To help solve this mystery, NASA's Juno mission will measure this important quantity beginning in mid-2016.
Looking further afield, observing other planetary systems as they form is like getting a glimpse of our own solar system's baby pictures, and water is a big part of that story. For example, NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope has observed signs of a hail of water-rich comets raining down on a young solar system, much like the bombardment planets in our solar system endured in their youth.
With the study of exoplanets -- planets that orbit other stars -- we are closer than ever to finding out if other water-rich worlds like ours exist. In fact, our basic concept of what makes planets suitable for life is closely tied to water: Every star has a habitable zone, or a range of distances around it in which temperatures are neither too hot nor too cold for liquid water to exist. NASA's planet-hunting Kepler mission was designed with this in mind. Kepler looks for planets in the habitable zone around many types of stars.
Recently verifying its thousandth exoplanet, Kepler data confirm that the most common planet sizes are worlds just slightly larger than Earth. Astronomers think many of those worlds could be entirely covered by deep oceans. Kepler's successor, K2, continues to watch for dips in starlight to uncover new worlds.
The agency's upcoming TESS mission will search nearby, bright stars in the solar neighborhood for Earth- and super-Earth-sized exoplanets. Some of the planets TESS discovers may have water, and NASA's next great space observatory, the James Webb Space Telescope, will examine the atmospheres of those special worlds in great detail.
It's easy to forget that the story of Earth's water, from gentle rains to raging rivers, is intimately connected to the larger story of our solar system and beyond. But our water came from somewhere -- every world in our solar system got its water from the same shared source. So it's worth considering that the next glass of water you drink could easily have been part of a comet, or an ocean moon, or a long-vanished sea on the surface of Mars. And note that the night sky may be full of exoplanets formed by similar processes to our home world, where gentle waves wash against the shores of alien seas.
For more information about NASA's exploration of the solar system and beyond, visit:
Preston Dyches
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
818-354-7013
preston.dyches@jpl.nasa.gov
 
Felicia Chou
NASA Headquarters, Washington
202-358-0257
Felicia.chou@nasa.gov
2015-119
NASA
Guillermo Gonzalo Sánchez Achutegui
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