Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta The comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. Mostrar todas las entradas
Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta The comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. Mostrar todas las entradas

domingo, 18 de diciembre de 2016

ESA : Rosetta’s last words: science descending to a comet .- Las últimas palabras de Rosetta: la ciencia descendiendo a un cometa

http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_s_last_words_science_descending_to_a_comet

http://www.esa.int/esl/ESA_in_your_country/Spain/Cuando_la_ciencia_toca_un_cometa_las_ultimas_palabras_de_Rosetta                               

 

Última secuencia de toma de imágenes de Rosetta

Cuando la ciencia toca un cometa: las últimas palabras de Rosetta

15 diciembre 2016
La sonda Rosetta de la ESA completó su increíble misión el día 30 de septiembre, recopilando imágenes y datos sin precedentes hasta el momento del contacto con la superficie del cometa 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko.
La señal de Rosetta desapareció de las pantallas del control de la misión de la ESA a las 11:19:37 GMT, confirmando así que la nave había llegado a la superficie del cometa y que se había desconectado 40 minutos antes, a 720 millones de kilómetros de la Tierra. 
Una de las últimas informaciones que recibimos de Rosetta procedía de sus sensores de navegación, informando de un ‘gran objeto’ situado en su campo de visión: el horizonte del cometa.
 

Última imagen de Rosetta

Al reconstruir el descenso final se vio que la sonda aterrizó suavemente en la superficie a tan solo 33 m del punto previsto. 
Este nivel de precisión vuelve a demostrar el excelente trabajo realizado por los especialistas en dinámica de vuelo participantes en la misión. 
El lugar del aterrizaje, situado dentro de una antigua fosa en la región de Ma‘at, en la ‘cabeza’ del cometa, recibió el nombre de Sais en honor a la ciudad donde fue descubierta la Piedra de Rosetta original. 
Se tomaron numerosas fotografías de la fosa colindante, capturando increíbles detalles de sus paredes estratificadas, que contribuirán a descifrar la historia geológica del cometa. 
La imagen final fue tomada a unos 20 m por encima del punto de impacto. Además, recogieron datos una serie de instrumentos de análisis de polvo, gas y plasma. 
A medida que la sonda se acercaba a la superficie, se vió cómo aumentaba la presión del flujo de gas procedente del cometa. Los diferentes rastreos revelaron temperaturas de entre −190 y −110 ºC a unos pocos centímetros por debajo de la superficie. Es muy probable que esta variación se deba a sombras y a la topografía local a medida que Rosetta sobrevolaba el cometa. 
La última medición de emisiones de vapor de agua tuvo lugar el 27 de septiembre y se estima que el cometa emitía el equivalente de dos cucharadas de agua por segundo. Durante su periodo más activo en agosto de 2015, los cálculos llegaban al equivalente de unas dos bañeras de agua por segundo. 
 

Zonas de aterrizaje del cometa en contexto
 
Las primeras indicaciones de las lecturas espectrales no muestran diferencias significativas en la composición de la superficie a las altas resoluciones obtenidas durante el descenso, y tampoco se hallaron pruebas obvias de pequeñas acumulaciones de hielo cerca del punto de aterrizaje. 
Las mediciones también sugieren un aumento en el número de minúsculos granos de polvo, posiblemente de una millonésima de milímetro, cerca de la superficie. 
La última observación de la coma de gas que rodea al cometa tuvo lugar el día antes del descenso final, confirmando que seguía emitiéndose dióxido de carbono, incluso a mayores distancias que cuando el cometa se acercaba al Sol.
Durante las últimas mediciones del campo magnético interplanetario y del viento solar reinaron unas condiciones estables, ofreciendo valores de fondo ‘tranquilos’ que resultarán importantes para la calibración. 
A unos 2 km por encima de la superficie se observó un descenso en la densidad del plasma del cometa, sin que se detectaran escapes de gas locales en las fosas de Ma‘at. 


Rosetta impact
 
Las mediciones del campo magnético hasta unos 11 m por encima de la superficie del cometa confirmaron las observaciones previas, que indicaban su naturaleza de cuerpo no magnético. 
Durante el descenso no se recogieron grandes partículas de polvo, un resultado ya interesante en sí mismo. Las primeras impresiones indicaban que la producción de vapor de agua era demasiado baja para levantar de la superficie granos de polvo por encima de un tamaño detectable. 
“Es estupendo contar con estas primeras informaciones procedentes del último conjunto de datos de Rosetta —reconoce Matt Taylor, científico del proyecto Rosetta de la ESA—. Las operaciones terminaron hace más de dos meses y ahora los equipos de los instrumentos están inmersos en el análisis de los enormes conjuntos de datos recopilados durante los más de dos años de Rosetta junto al cometa”. 
“Más adelante, los datos de este periodo quedarán disponibles en nuestros archivos, al igual que los datos de Rosetta”.
Nota para los editores
Para saber más, es posible consultar una entrada del blog con información complementaria y más detallada aquí.

Para más información:
Matt Taylor

ESA Rosetta project scientist

Email: matt.taylor@esa.int
Markus Bauer








ESA Science and Robotic Exploration Communication Officer









Tel: +31 71 565 6799









Mob: +31 61 594 3 954









Email: markus.bauer@esa.int



Rosetta’s final imaging sequence

Rosetta’s last words: science descending to a comet

15 December 2016
ESA’s Rosetta completed its incredible mission on 30 September, collecting unprecedented images and data right until the moment of contact with the comet's surface.
Rosetta’s signal disappeared from screens at ESA’s mission control at 11:19:37 GMT, confirming that the spacecraft had arrived on the surface of Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko and switched off some 40 minutes earlier and 720 million kilometres from Earth.
One of the final pieces of information received from Rosetta was sent by its navigation startrackers: a report of a ‘large object’ in the field of view – the comet horizon.
 

Rosetta's last image

Reconstruction of the final descent showed that the spacecraft gently struck the surface only 33 m from the target point.
The accuracy once again highlighted the excellent work of the flight dynamics specialists who supported the entire mission.
The spot, just inside an ancient pit in the Ma’at region on the comet’s ‘head’, was named Sais, after a town where the Rosetta Stone was originally located.
Numerous images were taken of the neighbouring pit, capturing incredible details of its layered walls that will be used to help decipher the comet’s geological history.
The final image was acquired about 20 m above the impact point. In addition, a number of Rosetta’s dust, gas and plasma analysis instruments collected data.
The pressure of the gas outflow from the comet was seen to rise as the surface neared. Scans revealed temperatures between about –190ºC and –110ºC down to a few centimetres below the surface. The variation was most likely due to shadows and local topography as Rosetta flew across the surface.
A last measurement of water vapour emission was made on 27 September, estimating the comet was emitting the equivalent of two tablespoons of water per second. During its most active period in August 2015, estimates were in the region of two bathtubs’ worth of water every second.
 

Comet landing sites in context
 
The first indications from spectral readings show there to be no significant differences in surface composition at the high resolutions obtained all the way down, and there was no obvious indication of small icy patches near the landing site.
The measurements also suggest an increase in very small dust grains – possibly around a millionth of a millimetre – close to the surface.
The last observation of the gas coma surrounding the comet was made the day before the final descent. Carbon dioxide was still being outgassed, at a greater distance from the Sun than when the comet was approaching it.

Stable solar wind conditions reigned during the final measurements of the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field, providing ‘quiet’ background values that will be important for calibration.
Decreasing comet plasma densities were observed from about 2 km above the surface, with no obvious detection of local outgassing from the Ma’at pits.



Rosetta impact
 
Magnetic field measurements down to an estimated 11 m above the surface confirmed the previous observations of the comet as a non-magnetic body.
No large dust particles were collected during the descent, in itself an interesting result. First impressions are that the observed water vapour production was too low to lift dust grains above a detectable size from the surface.
“It’s great to have these first insights from Rosetta’s last set of data,” says Matt Taylor, ESA’s Rosetta Project Scientist. “Operations have been completed for over two months now, and the instrument teams are very much focused on analysing their huge datasets collected during Rosetta’s two-plus years at the comet.
“Data from this period will eventually be made available in our archives in the same way as all Rosetta data.”
Notes for Editors
More details are provided in the complementary in-depth blog post here.

For more information, please contact:
Matt Taylor

ESA Rosetta project scientist

Email: matt.taylor@esa.int
Markus Bauer








ESA Science and Robotic Exploration Communication Officer









Tel: +31 71 565 6799









Mob: +31 61 594 3 954









Email: markus.bauer@esa.int
ESA
Guillermo Gonzalo Sánchez Achutegui
ayabaca@gmail.com
ayabaca@hotmail.com
ayabaca@yahoo.com
Inscríbete en el Foro del blog y participa : A Vuelo De Un Quinde - El Foro!

domingo, 27 de noviembre de 2016

ESA : Icy surprises at Rosetta's comet .- Sorpresas heladas en el cometa de Rosetta

http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Icy_surprises_at_Rosetta_s_comet
A day at the comet

Icy surprises at Rosetta's comet

17 November 2016
As Rosetta’s comet approached its most active period last year, the spacecraft spotted carbon dioxide ice – never before seen on a comet – followed by the emergence of two unusually large patches of water ice.
The carbon dioxide ice layer covered an area comparable to the size of a football pitch, while the two water ice patches were each larger than an Olympic swimming pool and much larger than any signs of water ice previously spotted at the comet.
The three icy layers were all found in the same region, on the comet’s southern hemisphere.
A combination of the complex shape of the comet, its elongated path around the Sun and the substantial tilt of its spin, seasons are spread unequally between the two hemispheres of the double-lobed Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko.
When Rosetta arrived in August 2014, the northern hemisphere was still undergoing its 5.5 year summer, while the southern hemisphere was in winter and much of it was shrouded in darkness.
However, shortly before the comet’s closest approach to the Sun in August 2015, the seasons changed and the southern hemisphere experienced a brief but intense summer, exposing this region to sunlight again.
In the first half of 2015, as the comet steadily became more active, Rosetta observed water vapour and other gases pouring out of the nucleus, lifting its dusty cover and revealing some of the comet’s icy secrets.
In particular, on two occasions in late March 2015, Rosetta’s visible, infrared and thermal imaging spectrometer, VIRTIS, found a very large patch of carbon dioxide ice in the Anhur region, in the comet’s southern hemisphere.
This is the first detection of solid carbon dioxide on any comet, although it is not uncommon in the Solar System – it is abundant in the polar caps of Mars, for example.
 
Carbon dioxide detection
“We know comets contain carbon dioxide, which is one of the most abundant species in cometary atmospheres after water, but it’s extremely difficult to observe it in solid form on the surface,” explains Gianrico Filacchione from Italy’s INAF-IAPS Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, who led the study.
In the comet environment, carbon dioxide freezes at –193ºC, much below the temperature where water turns into ice. Above this temperature, it changes directly from a solid to a gas, hampering its detection in ice form on the surface.
By contrast, water ice has been found at various comets, and Rosetta detected plenty of small patches on several regions.
“We hoped to find signs of carbon dioxide ice and had been looking for it for quite a while, but it was definitely a surprise when we finally detected its unmistakable signature,” adds Gianrico.
The patch, consisting of a few percent of carbon dioxide ice combined with a darker blend of dust and organic material, was observed on two consecutive days in March. This was a lucky catch: when the team looked at that region again around three weeks later, it was gone.
Assuming that all of the ice had turned into gas, the scientists estimated that the 80 x 60 m patch contained about 57 kg of carbon dioxide, corresponding to a 9 cm-thick layer. Its presence on the surface is likely an isolated rare case, with the majority of carbon dioxide ice being confined to deeper layers of the nucleus.
Gianrico and his collaborators believe the icy patch dates back a few years, when the comet was still in the cold reaches of the outer Solar System and the southern hemisphere was experiencing its long winter. At that time, some of the carbon dioxide still outgassing from the interior of the nucleus condensed on the surface, where it remained frozen for a very long while, and vaporised only as the local temperature finally rose again in April 2015.
This reveals a seasonal cycle of carbon dioxide ice, which unfolds over the comet’s 6.5 year orbit, as opposed to the daily cycle of water ice, also spotted by VIRTIS shortly after Rosetta’s arrival.
Interestingly, shortly after the carbon dioxide ice had disappeared, Rosetta’s OSIRIS narrow-angle camera detected two unusually large patches of water ice in the same area, between the southern regions of Anhur and Bes.
 
Large patches of water ice
“We had already seen many metre-sized patches of exposed water ice in various regions of the comet, but the new detections are much larger, spanning some 30 x 40 m each, and they persisted for about 10 days before they completely disappeared,” says Sonia Fornasier from LESIA–Observatoire de Paris and Université Paris Diderot, France, lead scientist of the study focusing on seasonal and daily surface colour variations.
These ice-rich areas appear as very bright portions of the comet surface reflecting light that is bluer in colour compared with the redder surroundings. Scientists have experimented with mixtures of dust and water ice to show that, as the concentration of ice in them increases, the reflected light becomes gradually bluer in colour, until reaching a point where equal amounts of light are reflected in all colours.
The two newly detected patches contain 20–30% of water ice mixed with darker material, forming a layer up to 30 cm thick of solid ice. One of them was likely lurking underneath the carbon dioxide ice sheet revealed by VIRTIS about a month before.
 
Comet colours
 
“On a global scale, we also found that the entire comet surface turned increasingly bluer in colour as it approached the Sun and the intense activity lifted off large amounts of dust, exposing more of the ice-rich terrain underneath,” explains Sonia.
As the comet moved away from the Sun, the scientists observed the overall colour of the comet surface gradually turning redder again.
They also revealed local variations of colour, indicative of the daily cycle of water ice. Quickly turning into water vapour when exposed to sunlight during the local daytime, it condensed back into thin layers of frost and ice as the temperature decreases after sunset, only to vaporise again on the following day.
The distribution of water ice beneath the dusty surface of the comet seems widely but not uniformly spread, with small patches punctuating the nucleus, appearing and disappearing as a result of the comet's activity.
Occasionally, larger and thicker portions of ice are also uncovered, dating back to a previous approach to the Sun.
“These two studies of the comet's icy content are revealing new details about the composition and history of the nucleus,” says Matt Taylor, ESA Rosetta project scientist.
“While the flight part of the mission is now over, the scientific exploitation of the enormous quantity of data collected by Rosetta continues.”
Notes for Editors
For further information, please contact:
Gianrico Filacchione
INAF-IAPS Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali
Rome, Italy
Email: gianrico.filacchione@iaps.inaf.it
Sonia Fornasier
LESIA–Observatoire de Paris
and Université Paris Diderot
Paris, France
Email: sonia.fornasier@obspm.fr
Matt Taylor
ESA Rosetta project scientist
Email: matthew.taylor@esa.int
Markus Bauer 



ESA Science and Robotic Exploration Communication Officer


Tel: +31 71 565 6799





Mob: +31 61 594 3 954





Email: markus.bauer@esa.int

ESA
Guillermo Gonzalo Sánchez Achutegui
ayabaca@gmail.com
ayabaca@hotmail.com
ayabaca@yahoo.com
Inscríbete en el Foro del blog y participa : A Vuelo De Un Quinde - El Foro!

martes, 15 de noviembre de 2016

ESA : Rosetta comet close-ups .- Primeros planos del Cometa por medio de Rosetta....

http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2016/11/Rosetta_comet_close-ups

Rosetta comet close-ups

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  • Title Rosetta comet close-ups
  • Released 14/11/2016 11:32 am
  • Copyright ESA/Rosetta/NavCam – CC BY-SA IGO 3.0
  • Description
    During the last few weeks of its mission, ESA’s Rosetta spacecraft ventured closer than it had ever been to Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. Eventually, it came to rest on the surface in a daring descent on 30 September 2016.
    This montage features the three closest images of the landscape taken by Rosetta’s navigation camera in the first half of September. No navigation images were taken during the final descent.
    On the left, on 8 September, is a portion of the comet’s large lobe, portraying the boundary between the Ash and Seth regions – named, as all geological regions on the comet, after ancient Egyptian deities.
    This view reveals the dust-covered terrains of Ash in the lower-right part of the frame, declining towards Seth in the upper left, where part of one of the many round features present in this region is visible. The image was taken some 2.6 km from the surface.
    The central frame is a detailed view of small and large boulders scattered in the Anubis region, also on the large comet lobe and separated by a scarp from Seth. The image was taken on 14 September, about 2.6 km from the surface.
    On the right is an 11 September view of Seth. Taken about 3.5 km from the comet, it reveals a terrace casting dramatic shadows on the lower terrain, covered in dust and boulders.
    Rosetta was the first mission to rendezvous with a comet, in August 2014, and to live with it for over two years, following its evolution they swung around the Sun. Two years ago, on 12 November 2014, Rosetta released Philae, which became the first probe to land on a comet.
    After its closest approach to the Sun on 13 August 2015, the comet is now moving along the part of its orbit that is farthest from the Sun, in the outer Solar System, between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Today, it is over 600 million km from the Sun and over 740 million km from Earth.
    All images from Rosetta's navigation camera are available online via the
  • Id 368665

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Guillermo Gonzalo Sánchez Achutegui
ayabaca@gmail.com
ayabaca@hotmail.com
ayabaca@yahoo.com
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viernes, 3 de octubre de 2014

NASA : Rosetta Comet Fires Its Jets


Rosetta Comet Fires Its Jets
The four images that make up this montage of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko were taken on Sept. 26, 2014 by the European Space Agency’s Rosetta spacecraft. At the time, Rosetta was about 16 miles (26 kilometers), from the center of the comet.
In the montage, a region of jet activity can be seen at the neck of the comet. These jets, originating from several discrete locations, are a product of ices sublimating and gases escaping from inside the nucleus.  
The overlapping and slightly dissimilar angles of the four images that compose the montage are a result of the combined effect of the comet rotating between the first and last images taken in the sequence (about 10 degrees over 20 minutes), and the spacecraft movement during that same time.
Launched in March 2004, Rosetta was reactivated in January 2014 after a record 957 days in hibernation. Composed of an orbiter and lander, Rosetta's objectives since arriving at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko earlier this month are to study the celestial object up close in unprecedented detail, prepare for landing a probe on the comet's nucleus in November, and after the landing track the comet's changes through 2015, as it sweeps past the sun.
Comets are time capsules containing primitive material left over from the epoch when the sun and its planets formed. Rosetta's lander will obtain the first images taken from a comet's surface and will provide comprehensive analysis of the comet's possible primordial composition by drilling into the surface. Rosetta also will be the first spacecraft to witness at close proximity how a comet changes as it is subjected to the increasing intensity of the sun's radiation. Observations will help scientists learn more about the origin and evolution of our solar system and the role comets may have played in seeding Earth with water, and perhaps even life.
Rosetta is an ESA mission with contributions from its member states and NASA. Rosetta's Philae lander is provided by a consortium led by the German Aerospace Center, Cologne; Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Gottingen; National Center of Space Studies of France (CNES), Paris; and the Italian Space Agency, Rome. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, a division of the California Institute of Technology, manages the U.S. participation in the Rosetta mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington.
For more information on the U.S. instruments aboard Rosetta, visit:
More information about Rosetta is available at:
Image Credit: ESA/Rosetta/NAVCAM
NASA
Guillermo Gonzalo Sánchez Achutegui
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