Se está trazando un Mapa de la Secuencia del Genoma de la semilla de la soya con la intención del mejoramiento en sus cosechas.Esperan que las mejoras de cosecha promuevan la producción de energía, la producción sostenible de alimentos para las necesidades humana y de animales de alimentos, y un equilibrio sano ambiental en la agricultura .
La soja, una de las fuentes globales más importantes de proteína y aceite, es ahora la primera especie de legumbre de cosecha principal con un esbozo publicado completo de la secuencia del genoma . Esta secuencia, que esencialmente proporciona una lista de partes del genoma de la soja , ayudará a científicos a usar los genes de la planta para mejorar sus características. El estudio de la secuencia de la soya soja aparece como la tema de portada del 13 de enero la edición de Naturaleza.
Valor de la nueva secuencia de la soya :
Los científicos usarán la nueva secuencia para identificarse cuales genes son responsables de características particulares de la planta , y luego los como objetivo específicos para producir características deseadas. Estas características deseadas pueden incluir aumentos del contenido del aceite de la planta para promover el empleo de aceite de soya como un biocarburante; cosechas más grandes; la resistencia mejorada a parásitos y enfermedades que actualmente reclaman los porcentajes grandes de cosechas de soja; mejoras de la digestibilidad de las soyas por animales y gente; y las reducciones de contaminantes presentan en el abono de cerdo alimentado por soya y volatería que puede contaminar a la granja.
El equipo de investigación planifica identificar que el apuntamiento de autorización de genes de soya por:
1.- Comparación del genoma de las variedades diferentes de plantas de soja el uno al otro.
1.- Comparación del genoma de las variedades diferentes de plantas de soja el uno al otro.
2.- Resecuenciando 20,000 líneas de soja que actualmente son almacenadas en la Planta del Sistema Nacional de Geoplasma para identificar las deseadas variedades de los genes que actualmente no son capturados por líneas de soya domesticadas.
"Cuando las soyas fueron domesticadas, ellos fueron seleccionados para el tamaño de semilla y otros rasgos, pero había muchos genes potencialmente valiosos olvidados, " dijo Jackson de Scott de Universidad Purdue - el autor responsable sobre el genoma de la soja en el papel." Pueden haber genes valiosos asociados con el contenido de proteína o la resistencia de enfermedad en las líneas almacenadas que no son actualmente en las líneas cultivadas. "
Teniendo la nueva secuencia de soya como una referencia considerablemente se apresurará y reducirá los gastos de resecuencia de las 20,000 líneas de soya almacenadas.
Un requisito crítico previo para realizar la secuencia :
La secuencia del genoma de la soya fue iniciado por la producción de un mapa físico del genoma de la soja por un equipo de investigación que fue financiado por la Fundación Nacional de Ciencia (NSF). La producción de este mapa fue complicada por las complejidades del GENOMA de la soya. Estas complejidades incluyen los duplicados de los genes que representan(explican) el 70 a 80 por ciento de los 46,000 genes del genoma. Estas copias génicas son dispersadas en todas partes del genoma y tan son en particular difíciles de localizar.
Además, el genoma de la soja contiene los números grandes de elementos reemplazables, también conocidos como las Tes. Tes son los pedazos de ADN móviles que pueden afectar la expresión génica, pero son difíciles de distinguirse de genes.
El equipo de investigación conquistó decifrar las complejidades del genoma de la l soja y produjo el mapa del genoma la soya , que tiene una resolución inferior que la secuencia, como un requisito previo crítico al componente del estudio secuencial . El mapa ayudó a losa investigadores en la secuencia del genoma permitiéndolos:
1) se distinguen entre Tes y los genes durante la secuencia ; y
2) se rompen aparte y luego con exactitud vuelven a montar el genoma de la soja como si esto era un enorme rompecabezas - como es necesario a la secuencia del genoma vía el todo genoma la estrategia en una escopeta como estrategia..
Un proyecto estrechamente coordinado :
A causa de la importancia del proyecto de trazar un mapa de la secuencia, estos dos componentes del estudio estrechamente fueron coordinados. " La coordinación cercana de apoyo a este proyecto, " dijo Jane Silverthorne de NSF, " fue facilitada por la Planta Nacional de Genoma ; la Iniciativa, que es manejada por el grupo de Funcionamiento de Interagencia sobre la Planta Genomas, cuyos miembros incluyen la GAMA, USDA Y NSF. " Financiando para el estudio de mapping/sequencing también proporcionaron por el ConsejoUnido de la Tabla de Soya .
Genoma muy complicado:
Conteniendo tantas Tes y duplicados génicos, el genoma de la soja es " el más complicado genoma ordenada hasta el momento, " dijo Jackson. Y algunas mismas complejidades que complicaron el trazar un mapa de y secuencia del genoma también pueden complicar el apuntamiento de genes de soya. " Si selecciono para un gene, puedo tener la dificultad que localiza todos los duplicados necesarios de aquel gene, explico a Jackson. " Esto tiene muchas copias de reserva. "
Confiando que tales dificultades serán vencidas, Silverthorne describe la nueva secuencia de la soya como " un instrumento valioso que permitirá la investigación hacia un entendimiento más profundo de los impactos de múltiples copias de genomas sobre la organización genoma y la función. " De verdad, Jackson dice que las técnicas desarrolladas para trazar un mapa de y la secuencia del genoma de la soja ya están siendo aplicadas a otros proyectos de secuencias.
Lo que es más, los resultados del proyecto de secuencia ya han proporcionado la molienda para un segundo papel, que aparecerá en la Célula de Planta el 15 de enero de 2010. Jianxin la madre de Universidad Purdue y un miembro del equipo de la secuencia dice que este segundo papel explicará como las Tes prosperan en el genoma como anfitrión : " Encontramos que algunas Tes 'muertas' en realidad pueden ser avivadas de nuevo por cambiando con su TE activo acompaña, y así restaurar o aún mejorar su capacidad de proliferar usando la maquinaria de amplificación codificada por sus compañeros. Aunque las Tes sean ubicuas, lo que descubrimos no ha sido visto en ningún otro organismo aún. "
Versión del NSF
In English:
Mapping and Sequencing of Soybean Genome Paves the Way for Improved Soybean Crops:
Crop improvements are expected to promote energy production, sustainable human and animal food production, and a healthy environmental balance in agriculture wordwide.
Crop improvements are expected to promote energy production, sustainable human and animal food production, and a healthy environmental balance in agriculture wordwide.
January 13, 2010
Soybean, one of the most important global sources of protein and oil, is now the first major crop legume species with a published complete draft genome sequence. This sequence, which essentially provides a parts list of the soybean genome, will help scientists use the plant's genes to improve its characteristics. The soybean sequencing study appears as the cover story of the January 13 edition of Nature.
Value of the new soybean sequence
Scientists will use the new sequence to identify which genes are responsible for particular plant characteristics, and then target specific genes to produce desired characteristics. These desired characteristics may include increases in the plant's oil content to promote the use of soybean oil as a biofuel; bigger crops; improved resistance to pests and diseases that currently claim large percentages of soybean crops; improvements in the digestibility of soybeans by animals and humans; and reductions in contaminants present in the manure of soybean-fed swine and poultry that may pollute farm runoff.
The research team plans to identify which soybean genes warrant targeting by:
Comparing the genomes of different varieties of soybean plants to one another.
Resequencing 20,000 soybean lines that are currently stored in the National Plant Germplasm System to identify desired variances of genes that are not currently captured by domesticated soybean lines.
"When soybeans were domesticated, they were selected for seed size and other traits, but there were a lot of potentially valuable genes left behind," said Scott Jackson of Purdue University--the corresponding author on the soybean genome paper. "There may be valuable genes associated with protein content or disease resistance in the stored lines that are not currently in the cultivated lines."
Having the new soybean sequence as a reference will significantly speed and reduce the costs of resequencing the 20,000 stored soybean lines.
A critical prerequisite to sequencing
The sequencing of the soybean genome was initiated by the production of a physical map of the soybean genome by a research team that was funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF). Production of this map was complicated by the complexities of the soybean genome. These complexities include duplicate copies of genes that account for 70 to 80 percent of the genome's 46,000 genes. These gene copies are scattered throughout the genome and so are particularly difficult to locate.
In addition, the soybean genome contains large numbers of transposable elements, also known as TEs. TEs are mobile DNA pieces that may impact gene expression, but are difficult to distinguish from genes.
The research team conquered the complexities of the soybean genome and produced the map of the soybean genome, which has a lower resolution than the sequence, as a critical prerequisite to the study's sequencing component. The map helped the researchers sequence the genome by enabling them to: 1) distinguish between TEs and genes during sequencing; and 2) break apart and then accurately reassemble the soybean genome as if it were a huge puzzle--as necessary to sequence the genome via the whole genome shotgun strategy.
A closely coordinated project
Because of the importance of the mapping project to the sequencing project, these two components of the study were closely coordinated. "The close coordination of support for this project," said Jane Silverthorne of NSF, "was facilitated by the National Plant Genome Initiative, which is managed by the Interagency Working group on Plant Genomes, whose members include DOE, USDA and NSF." Funding for the mapping/sequencing study was also provided by the United Soybean Board.
A complicated genome
Containing so many TEs and gene duplicates, the soybean genome is "the most complicated genome sequenced to date," said Jackson. And some of the same complexities that complicated the mapping and sequencing of the genome may also complicate the targeting of soybean genes. "If I'm selecting for a gene, I may have difficulty locating all of the necessary duplicates of that gene, explains Jackson. "It has a lot of backup copies."
Confident that such difficulties will be overcome, Silverthorne describes the new soybean sequence as "a valuable tool that will enable research towards a deeper understanding of the impacts of multiple genome copies on genome organization and function." Indeed, Jackson says that techniques developed to map and sequence the soybean genome are already being applied to other sequencing projects.
What's more, the results of the sequencing project have already provided grist for a second paper, which will appear in The Plant Cell on January 15, 2010. Jianxin Ma of Purdue University and a member of the sequencing team says that this second paper will explain how TEs thrive in the host genome: "We found that some 'dead' TEs can actually be revivified by swapping with their active TE partners, and thus restore or even enhance their ability to proliferate using the amplification machinery encoded by their partners. Although TEs are ubiquitous, what we discovered has not been seen in any other organisms yet."
Soybean, one of the most important global sources of protein and oil, is now the first major crop legume species with a published complete draft genome sequence. This sequence, which essentially provides a parts list of the soybean genome, will help scientists use the plant's genes to improve its characteristics. The soybean sequencing study appears as the cover story of the January 13 edition of Nature.
Value of the new soybean sequence
Scientists will use the new sequence to identify which genes are responsible for particular plant characteristics, and then target specific genes to produce desired characteristics. These desired characteristics may include increases in the plant's oil content to promote the use of soybean oil as a biofuel; bigger crops; improved resistance to pests and diseases that currently claim large percentages of soybean crops; improvements in the digestibility of soybeans by animals and humans; and reductions in contaminants present in the manure of soybean-fed swine and poultry that may pollute farm runoff.
The research team plans to identify which soybean genes warrant targeting by:
Comparing the genomes of different varieties of soybean plants to one another.
Resequencing 20,000 soybean lines that are currently stored in the National Plant Germplasm System to identify desired variances of genes that are not currently captured by domesticated soybean lines.
"When soybeans were domesticated, they were selected for seed size and other traits, but there were a lot of potentially valuable genes left behind," said Scott Jackson of Purdue University--the corresponding author on the soybean genome paper. "There may be valuable genes associated with protein content or disease resistance in the stored lines that are not currently in the cultivated lines."
Having the new soybean sequence as a reference will significantly speed and reduce the costs of resequencing the 20,000 stored soybean lines.
A critical prerequisite to sequencing
The sequencing of the soybean genome was initiated by the production of a physical map of the soybean genome by a research team that was funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF). Production of this map was complicated by the complexities of the soybean genome. These complexities include duplicate copies of genes that account for 70 to 80 percent of the genome's 46,000 genes. These gene copies are scattered throughout the genome and so are particularly difficult to locate.
In addition, the soybean genome contains large numbers of transposable elements, also known as TEs. TEs are mobile DNA pieces that may impact gene expression, but are difficult to distinguish from genes.
The research team conquered the complexities of the soybean genome and produced the map of the soybean genome, which has a lower resolution than the sequence, as a critical prerequisite to the study's sequencing component. The map helped the researchers sequence the genome by enabling them to: 1) distinguish between TEs and genes during sequencing; and 2) break apart and then accurately reassemble the soybean genome as if it were a huge puzzle--as necessary to sequence the genome via the whole genome shotgun strategy.
A closely coordinated project
Because of the importance of the mapping project to the sequencing project, these two components of the study were closely coordinated. "The close coordination of support for this project," said Jane Silverthorne of NSF, "was facilitated by the National Plant Genome Initiative, which is managed by the Interagency Working group on Plant Genomes, whose members include DOE, USDA and NSF." Funding for the mapping/sequencing study was also provided by the United Soybean Board.
A complicated genome
Containing so many TEs and gene duplicates, the soybean genome is "the most complicated genome sequenced to date," said Jackson. And some of the same complexities that complicated the mapping and sequencing of the genome may also complicate the targeting of soybean genes. "If I'm selecting for a gene, I may have difficulty locating all of the necessary duplicates of that gene, explains Jackson. "It has a lot of backup copies."
Confident that such difficulties will be overcome, Silverthorne describes the new soybean sequence as "a valuable tool that will enable research towards a deeper understanding of the impacts of multiple genome copies on genome organization and function." Indeed, Jackson says that techniques developed to map and sequence the soybean genome are already being applied to other sequencing projects.
What's more, the results of the sequencing project have already provided grist for a second paper, which will appear in The Plant Cell on January 15, 2010. Jianxin Ma of Purdue University and a member of the sequencing team says that this second paper will explain how TEs thrive in the host genome: "We found that some 'dead' TEs can actually be revivified by swapping with their active TE partners, and thus restore or even enhance their ability to proliferate using the amplification machinery encoded by their partners. Although TEs are ubiquitous, what we discovered has not been seen in any other organisms yet."
-NSF-
Media ContactsLily Whiteman, NSF (703) 292-8310 lwhitema@nsf.govBrian Wallheimer, Purdue University (765) 496-2050 bwallhei@purdue.edu
Program ContactsJane Silverthorne, NSF (703) 292-8420 jsilvert@nsf.gov
Co-InvestigatorsScott Jackson, Purdue University (765) 496-2050 sjackson@purdue.edu
Guillermo Gonzalo Sánchez Achutegui
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