Publicado el 9 dic. 2015
Engineers around the country are making progress developing NASA’s Space Launch System, Orion spacecraft and the ground systems at Kennedy Space Center in Florida needed to send astronauts on missions to deep space destinations. Between July and September, progress continued as pieces of Orion’s crew module and the SLS core stage tanks were welded together at NASA’s Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans, modifications were made to the mobile launcher at Kennedy, astronauts tested techniques for exiting Orion after a mission, and an RS-25 engine was tested at Stennis Space Center in Mississippi.
HD download link: https://archive.org/details/Preparing...
HD download link: https://archive.org/details/Preparing...
"Un Gran Salto Para la Humanidad"
48 Aniversario de la Llegada del Hombre a la Luna
20.07.17.- Hace 48 años, la humanidad consiguió un importante logro: que un hombre pisase la Luna por primera vez. Todo comenzó el 25 de Mayo de 1961, cuando el Presidente de los Estados Unidos John F. Kennedy anunció su intención de poder enviar astronautas a la Luna antes de que finalizase la década. Esto sucedió tres semanas después de que el astronauta Alan Shepard se convirtiese en el primer americano en viajar al espacio. Ocho años de duro trabajo tendrían que pasar antes de que la NASA viese cumplido su gran proyecto de poner un hombre en la Luna con el vuelo del Apolo XI.
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El 16 de Julio de 1969 la nave, propulsada por un cohete Saturno V, despegaba desde el Complejo 39A del Centro Espacial Kennedy en Florida. Llevaba a bordo a los astronautas Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin y Michael Collins. A las 9:32 de la mañana, hora local, el enorme cohete se elevaba sobre el cielo de Florida y 12 minutos después la tripulación entraba en órbita.
Después de cuatro días de viaje y tras abandonar la órbita terrestre y entrar en la lunar, Armstrong y Aldrin pasaron al módulo lunar, llamado Águila, mientras que Collins permanecía en el Módulo de mando Columbia. El Águila se separó del Módulo de mando y comenzó a descender para posarse en la superficie de la Luna, en una zona denominada Mar de la Tranquilidad.
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Tras unas horas destinadas a igualar la presión del módulo lunar con la de la Luna, ambos astronautas se dispusieron a poner pie en la superficie selenita. El primero en pisarla fue Neil Armstrong, el 20 de Julio a las 10:56 hora de Florida, ante la mirada de millones de personas alrededor de todo el mundo, que observaron este histórico acontecimiento a través de la televisión. Mientras descendía por la escalera del módulo, Armstrong proclamó la famosa frase: "Este es un pequeño paso para el hombre, pero un gran salto para la humanidad".
Posteriormente Aldrin (imagen izda.), se unió a él ofreciendo una simple pero poderosa descripción de la superficie lunar: "Magnífica desolación". Una vez que ambos astronautas ya se encontraban sobre suelo lunar, comenzaron a realizar las tareas que les habían sido asignadas.
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Tomaron fotografías, manejaron una cámara de televisión (gracias a la cual los espectadores de todo el mundo pudimos asistir a sus hazañas), colocaron una bandera de los Estados Unidos y depositaron una placa metálica con la siguiente inscripción: "Aquí los hombres del planeta Tierra han puesto el pie sobre la Luna por primera vez. Julio de 1969 D.C. Hemos venido en paz en nombre de toda la humanidad".
Después realizaron actividades científicas: instalaron un reflector de rayos láser destinado a medir con exactitud la distancia entre la Tierra y la Luna, un sismógrafo para registrar terremotos lunares y una pantalla para medir la intensidad del viento solar.
Por otra parte, mediante picos y palas los astronautas recogieron arena y fragmentos de rocas lunares para traerlas a la Tierra. Tras descansar en el Águila, Armstrong y Aldrin realizaron otra salida lunar, en esta ocasión para recorrer y explorar parte de la zona en la que habían alunizado. Transcurrida esta misión, volvieron al módulo lunar que reemprendió el viaje para unirse con el módulo de mando donde les esperaba Collins.
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Quedaba en la superficie lunar la plataforma de frenado del Águila, nave que fue abandonada una vez que los astronautas hubieron pasado al Columbia, con el cual iniciaron el viaje de regreso a la Tierra. La hazaña espacial finalizó cuando el módulo de mando cayó en aguas del Océano Pacífico, no lejos de Hawai el 24 de Julio.
Los astronautas tuvieron que someterse a una cuarentena, ya que podía darse la posibilidad, en realidad remota, de que hubieran traído algún germen desconocido de la Luna. Mientras tanto, las muestras de rocas lunares eran estudiadas por los científicos.
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Los análisis quimicofísicos y cristalográficos revelaron que se trataba de materiales idénticos a los que se encuentran en la Tierra en rocas ígneas (resultantes de fusiones) y en los meteoros. No se encontró ningún elemento biológico, lo cual confirmaba la inexistencia de cualquier forma de vida pasada o presente en la Luna. La elaboración de los datos de distintos análisis muestra que la Luna, al igual que la Tierra, tiene una constitución en estratos, y que en un tiempo estuvo en estado fluido, al igual que se encontraba nuestro planeta hace 4500 millones de años.
Con la Misión del Apolo XI el desafío del Presidente Kennedy se había conseguido. Los hombres de la Tierra habían caminado sobre la superficie de la Luna y habían regresado sanos y salvos a casa.
https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/apollo11.html
July 20, 1969: One Giant Leap For Mankind .-
July 1969. It's a little over eight years since the flights of Gagarin and Shepard, followed quickly by President Kennedy's challenge to put a man on the moon before the decade is out.
It is only seven months since NASA's made a bold decision to send Apollo 8 all the way to the moon on the first manned flight of the massive Saturn V rocket.
Now, on the morning of July 16, Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins sit atop another Saturn V at Launch Complex 39A at the Kennedy Space Center. The three-stage 363-foot rocket will use its 7.5 million pounds of thrust to propel them into space and into history.
At 9:32 a.m. EDT, the engines fire and Apollo 11 clears the tower. About 12 minutes later, the crew is in Earth orbit. (› Play Audio)
After one and a half orbits, Apollo 11 gets a "go" for what mission controllers call "Translunar Injection" - in other words, it's time to head for the moon. Three days later the crew is in lunar orbit. A day after that, Armstrong and Aldrin climb into the lunar module Eagle and begin the descent, while Collins orbits in the command module Columbia. (› View Flash Feature)
Collins later writes that Eagle is "the weirdest looking contraption I have ever seen in the sky," but it will prove its worth.
When it comes time to set Eagle down in the Sea of Tranquility, Armstrong improvises, manually piloting the ship past an area littered with boulders. During the final seconds of descent, Eagle's computer is sounding alarms.
It turns out to be a simple case of the computer trying to do too many things at once, but as Aldrin will later point out, "unfortunately it came up when we did not want to be trying to solve these particular problems."
When the lunar module lands at 4:18 p.m EDT, only 30 seconds of fuel remain. Armstrong radios "Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed." Mission control erupts in celebration as the tension breaks, and a controller tells the crew "You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue, we're breathing again." (› Play Audio)
Armstrong will later confirm that landing was his biggest concern, saying "the unknowns were rampant," and "there were just a thousand things to worry about."
At 10:56 p.m. EDT Armstrong is ready to plant the first human foot on another world. With more than half a billion people watching on television, he climbs down the ladder and proclaims: "That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind." (› Play Audio)
Aldrin joins him shortly, and offers a simple but powerful description of the lunar surface: "magnificent desolation." They explore the surface for two and a half hours, collecting samples and taking photographs.
They leave behind an American flag, a patch honoring the fallen Apollo 1 crew, and a plaque on one of Eagle's legs. It reads, "Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the moon. July 1969 A.D. We came in peace for all mankind."
Armstrong and Aldrin blast off and dock with Collins in Columbia. Collins later says that "for the first time," he "really felt that we were going to carry this thing off."
The crew splashes down off Hawaii on July 24. Kennedy's challenge has been met. Men from Earth have walked on the moon and returned safely home.
In an interview years later, Armstrong praises the "hundreds of thousands" of people behind the project. "Every guy that's setting up the tests, cranking the torque wrench, and so on, is saying, man or woman, 'If anything goes wrong here, it's not going to be my fault.'" (› Read 2001 Interview, 172 Kb PDF)
In a post-flight press conference, Armstrong calls the flight "a beginning of a new age," while Collins talks about future journeys to Mars.
Over the next three and a half years, 10 astronauts will follow in their footsteps. Gene Cernan, commander of the last Apollo mission leaves the lunar surface with these words: "We leave as we came and, God willing, as we shall return, with peace, and hope for all mankind."
Last Updated: July 20, 2017
Now, on the morning of July 16, Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins sit atop another Saturn V at Launch Complex 39A at the Kennedy Space Center. The three-stage 363-foot rocket will use its 7.5 million pounds of thrust to propel them into space and into history.
At 9:32 a.m. EDT, the engines fire and Apollo 11 clears the tower. About 12 minutes later, the crew is in Earth orbit. (› Play Audio)
After one and a half orbits, Apollo 11 gets a "go" for what mission controllers call "Translunar Injection" - in other words, it's time to head for the moon. Three days later the crew is in lunar orbit. A day after that, Armstrong and Aldrin climb into the lunar module Eagle and begin the descent, while Collins orbits in the command module Columbia. (› View Flash Feature)
Collins later writes that Eagle is "the weirdest looking contraption I have ever seen in the sky," but it will prove its worth.
When it comes time to set Eagle down in the Sea of Tranquility, Armstrong improvises, manually piloting the ship past an area littered with boulders. During the final seconds of descent, Eagle's computer is sounding alarms.
It turns out to be a simple case of the computer trying to do too many things at once, but as Aldrin will later point out, "unfortunately it came up when we did not want to be trying to solve these particular problems."
When the lunar module lands at 4:18 p.m EDT, only 30 seconds of fuel remain. Armstrong radios "Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed." Mission control erupts in celebration as the tension breaks, and a controller tells the crew "You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue, we're breathing again." (› Play Audio)
Armstrong will later confirm that landing was his biggest concern, saying "the unknowns were rampant," and "there were just a thousand things to worry about."
At 10:56 p.m. EDT Armstrong is ready to plant the first human foot on another world. With more than half a billion people watching on television, he climbs down the ladder and proclaims: "That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind." (› Play Audio)
Aldrin joins him shortly, and offers a simple but powerful description of the lunar surface: "magnificent desolation." They explore the surface for two and a half hours, collecting samples and taking photographs.
They leave behind an American flag, a patch honoring the fallen Apollo 1 crew, and a plaque on one of Eagle's legs. It reads, "Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the moon. July 1969 A.D. We came in peace for all mankind."
Armstrong and Aldrin blast off and dock with Collins in Columbia. Collins later says that "for the first time," he "really felt that we were going to carry this thing off."
The crew splashes down off Hawaii on July 24. Kennedy's challenge has been met. Men from Earth have walked on the moon and returned safely home.
In an interview years later, Armstrong praises the "hundreds of thousands" of people behind the project. "Every guy that's setting up the tests, cranking the torque wrench, and so on, is saying, man or woman, 'If anything goes wrong here, it's not going to be my fault.'" (› Read 2001 Interview, 172 Kb PDF)
In a post-flight press conference, Armstrong calls the flight "a beginning of a new age," while Collins talks about future journeys to Mars.
Over the next three and a half years, 10 astronauts will follow in their footsteps. Gene Cernan, commander of the last Apollo mission leaves the lunar surface with these words: "We leave as we came and, God willing, as we shall return, with peace, and hope for all mankind."
Last Updated: July 20, 2017
Editor: NASA Content Administrator
https://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/llegada-del-hombre-a-la-luna/extra-extra-el-hombre-ha-pisado-luna_14539/5
¡Extra! ¡Extra! ¡El hombre ha pisado la Luna!
Así recogió la prensa escrita los días previos y posteriores a la llegada a nuestro satélite la hazaña de la misión Apolo 11, y el momento histórico en el que los astronautas de la NASA aterrizaron en la Luna por primera vez
https://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/llegada-del-hombre-a-la-luna/extra-extra-el-hombre-ha-pisado-luna_14539/1NASA
Guillermo Gonzalo Sánchez Achutegui
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